Author: Elyse R. Osterday
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Germany, like many developed countries, is in what some refer to as Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model. In fact, this country is one of the first with an active shrinking population, despite its large numbers of immigrants each year. In 2007, Germany passed a series of parental friendly laws through the Parental Allowance and Parental Leave Act. These laws were clearly enacted to encourage its citizens to have more children and increase fertility rates. Are economic incentives enough to promote fertility in a country? This research explores these issues through the lens of population trends in Germany by analyzing state level statistics, cultural and social factors, policy making, and immigration. Further, four research objectives guide the study: 1) What are potential variables impacting crude birth rates in Germany; 2) Which German cultural and social values affect family planning; 3) How has the implementation of government family planning policies affected both historical and contemporary population trends; and 4) How have immigrants shaped Germany's modern population? This study reveals that social and cultural trends have an indirect impact on Germany's continued low fertility rates, and that these trends are not considered to a full extent in Germany's political family policies.
Author: Noriyuki Takayama
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262295121
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
Experts discuss the appropriateness and effectiveness using public policy to influence fertility decisions. In 2050, world population growth is predicted to come almost to a halt. Shortly thereafter it may well start to shrink. A major reason behind this shift is the fertility decline that has taken place in many developed countries. In this book, experts discuss the appropriateness and effectiveness of using public policy to influence fertility decisions. Contributors discuss the general feasibility of public interventions in the area of fertility, analyze fertility patterns and policy design in such countries as Japan, South Korea, China, Sweden, and France, and offer theoretical analyses of parental fertility choices that provide an overview of a broad array of child-related policy instruments in a number of OECD and EU countries. The chapters show that it is difficult to gauge the effectiveness of such policy interventions as child-care subsidies, support for women's labor-force participation, and tax incentives. Data are often incomplete, causal relations unproved, and the role of social norms and culture difficult to account for. Investigating reasons for the decline in fertility more closely will require further study. This volume offers the latest work on this increasingly important subject.
Author: Lant Pritchett
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Birth control
Languages : en
Pages : 95
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Book Description
Author: Virginia Abernethy
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351320831
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 396
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Book Description
International efforts to regulate fertility rates so that populations do not grow beyond the earth's capacity have included technical assistance and capital; improved health care conditions to lower the risk of infant mortality; increased opportunities to develop literacy; the democratization of governments; and several decades of liberal immigration and refugee policies favoring third world nations. The persistence of high fertility despite international efforts confounds demographers. 'Population Politics' brilliantly dissects the paradigm responsible for the counterproductive efforts of nations and international agencies. Abernethy, a renowned anthropologist, shows why policies hamper the shift to lower fertility. Ireland, Indonesia, Cuba, China, Turkey and Egypt are but a few of the countries Abernethy examines, showing how economic, sociocultural, and agricultural factors that have caused population growth can be harnessed to stabilize population size. 'Population Politics' is a provocative examination of the influence of aid and liberal immigration policies on world population growth, and often counterproductive to the role of the United States as an industrial power. This volume's uniquely interdisciplinary perspective will enlighten the lay reader, as well as demographers and epidemiologists, conservationists, reproduction and family specialists, agricultural economists, and public health personnel. Virginia D. Abernethy is professor emeritus of psychiatry (anthropology) at Vanderbilt Medical School and was for 11 years the editor of the scholarly journal 'Population and Environment. Garrett Hardin is emeritus professor of human ecology in the Department of Biological Sciences and the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Author: Mingean Park
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The population reflects the potential of a society or nation, and population structure has consistently garnered attention as a key factor in shaping government policies and administration. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that marriage and childbirth are crucial factors in explaining population increase and are indicators of a society's viability. This dissertation, consisting of three essays, examines how government policies affect people's decisions about having children. This will be accomplished by analyzing the policies of OECD member nations, with a particular emphasis on the cases of South Korea--which has the lowest fertility rate in the world--and the United States--which places a higher priority on immigration and abortion restrictions. The dissertation will present both theoretical and empirical evidence in the field of public administration and policy concerning fertility issues. In the first essay, a noteworthy point is the family policy-related expenditures used by OECD countries, where services such as childcare and education were statistically insignificant and demonstrated the lowest policy impact. On the other hand, financial support and tax breaks favorably influenced fertility. Administratively and in terms of policy, state tax benefits impact people's reproductive choices most, and this strategy can provide the most effectively implemented policy outcomes for enhancing the total fertility rate. Consequently, it follows naturally that greater state engagement in service delivery will not improve fertility results. The OECD Family Database displays that many OECD nations with low fertility tend to prioritize service spending. Therefore, the chapter's findings suggest that tax breaks, which influence people's fertility behaviors, should be prioritized when designing policies to address low fertility. The second essay employed a spatiotemporal model to assess the effects of low birthrate response initiatives with a policy bundle approach to supplement the variety of policy environments. The policy bundle approach identified and measured variables that impact fertility trends from the pertinent legislation of 226 local governments in South Korea. The study examined legislative strengthening, increasing support for first-born children, and financial incentives as policy bundles, examining these laws since the timing of fertility-related legislative revisions has the greatest influence on the birth rate. The chapter results showed that the policy bundle significantly affected all birth order rankings, with a trend for the policy's impacts to diminish with increasing birth order. Thus, to support married couples' ability to conceive and nurture children, policies aimed at families must be strengthened. Given the substantial impact that regional spatial factors have on the crude birth rate, areas where low birth rates are anticipated may need to work together or implement suitable remedies through population impact assessments. Event studies showed that fertility dynamics are influenced by socioeconomic shifts, such as economic crises and rapidly rising real estate values, and that population policies for the lowest fertility rates have been less and less successful in recent years. These changes in the population suggest that the government should adopt more aggressive policy measures. The third essay examines the causality between the abortion restriction and Americans' fertility behavior, concentrating on Kentucky and Illinois. According to the research findings, Kentucky's prospective birthrate is negatively impacted by the abortion restriction. This indicates that while the abortion ban could appear to force childbirth, which would boost births initially, there might be long-term negative externalities. Moreover, the prohibition on abortion may lead to problems with hospital and obstetric services, which might be harmful to maternal and infant health. Thus, this chapter makes the case that the abortion debate ought to be approached from the standpoint of the public interest rather than as a political or religious one. The study suggests that careful consideration of alternatives and thorough policy research should be done before enacting an abortion ban in the United States due to the possible long-term harm to public health. This dissertation offers a theoretical framework and possible empirical models in population policy research. It begins by presenting a model of fertility behavior developed with Ostrom's SES and IAD frameworks. Concerning births, this fertility behavior model shows how the interplay between macro-level national policy and micro-level personal decision-making affects the population. Demographic policies, including state-mandated birth control or abortion ban, have historically impacted individual decision-making, which in turn has affected the demographic structure of the country. This mechanism suggests that population structure is influenced by policy. Furthermore, this dissertation supports Calhoun's experiments by showing that civilizations characterized by fierce rivalry and constrained space may be unable to allocate resources effectively and run the danger of going extinct. A community with just rivalry and no collaboration among its members is unsustainable, and a population confined to a small area suffers. In this sense, the sustainability of humankind depends on increasing human habitat through space exploration or technological breakthroughs.
Author: Ronald R. Rindfuss
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319329979
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 305
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Book Description
This volume examines ten economically advanced countries in Europe and Asia that have experienced different levels of fertility decline. It offers readers a cross-country perspective on the causes and consequences of low birth rates and the different policy responses to this worrying trend. The countries examined are not only diverse geographically, historically, and culturally, but also have different policies and institutions in place. They include six very-low-fertility countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and Taiwan) and four that have close to replacement-level fertility (United Kingdom, Norway, Canada, and France). Although fertility has gone down in all these countries over the past 50 years, the chapters examine the institutional, policy, and cultural factors that have led some countries to have much lower fertility rates than others. In addition, the final chapter provides a cross-country comparison of individual perceptions about obs tacles to fertility, based on survey data, and government support for families. This broad overview, along with a general introduction, helps put the specific country papers in context. As birth rates continue to decline, there is increasing concern about the fate of social welfare systems, including healthcare and programs for the elderly. This book will help readers to better understand the root causes of such problems with its insightful discussion on how a country’s institutions, policies, and culture shape fertility trends and levels.
Author: Paulin Straughan
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134032102
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 236
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Book Description
This book brings together work on the low fertility countries of East Asia with an analysis of trends in fertility, what we know about their determinants and consequences, the policy issues and how these are being addressed in the various countries.
Author: United States. National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Children
Languages : en
Pages : 168
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Book Description
Author: Committee on Population
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309518881
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Book Description
This report summarizes presentations and discussions at the Workshop on the Social Processes Underlying Fertility Change in Developing Countries, organized by the Committee on Population of the National Research Council (NRC) in Washington, D.C., January 29-30, 1998. Fourteen papers were presented at the workshop; they represented both theoretical and empirical perspectives and shed new light on the role that diffusion processes may play in fertility transition. These papers served as the basis for the discussion that is summarized in this report.
Author: Michael S. Teitelbaum
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 1483289265
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 214
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Book Description
The Fear of Population Decline provides an elaborated discussion on the concept of population decline. The book is comprised of seven chapters that show the extent to which demographic developments form a part of a much longer continuum of discussion and behavior. In the opening chapter, the book discusses the nature of population decline, and then proceeds to demonstrate the complex ways in which fears of population decline emerged in the period 1870-1945. Chapter 4 details the advancement in the period 1945-1965, while Chapters 5 and 6 discuss the phenomenon of baby bust and policy responses to it. The last chapter talks about the nature and possible dangers of population decline. The text will be of great interest to readers who are concerned with the implication of population decline for the society as a whole.
