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Author: Santokh Gill
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 030648644X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 275
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Book Description
Glutamate receptors (GluRs) in the central nervous system have been the subject of intense investigations for several decades, providing new avenues for the understanding of excitatory neurotransmission, excitotoxicity, mechanisms of injury, and therapeutics for several acute neurological conditions, such as brain trauma, and for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders including addictions, Alzheimer disease, etc. Evidences of GluRs beyond the central nervous system were first reported in the early 1990s. When the idea of this book was conceived, the knowledge, specificity, and functional significance of GluRs in peripheral tissues was still in its embryonic stage. From our perspective, the idea of GluRs in peripheral tissues arose from our research on seafood toxins (see Chapter 1), and has now been reinforced by the results of other scientists working in similar areas. In this book, we have invited some of the leading authorities in the field to summarize their findings and to provide a framework for further investigations. The book is divided into three sections— Part I is on general concepts and concentrates on the distribution and cell-specific localiza tion of glutamate receptors, their transporters, and the pharmacology in peripheral tissues and organs. Part II emphasizes the presence and implications of these receptors in specific target tissues, organs, and systems, including liver, lungs, endocrine tissues, bone, immune system, etc. Part III focuses on glutamate receptors in plants to illustrate their presence beyond the animal kingdom.
Author: Santokh Gill
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 030648644X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 275
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Book Description
Glutamate receptors (GluRs) in the central nervous system have been the subject of intense investigations for several decades, providing new avenues for the understanding of excitatory neurotransmission, excitotoxicity, mechanisms of injury, and therapeutics for several acute neurological conditions, such as brain trauma, and for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders including addictions, Alzheimer disease, etc. Evidences of GluRs beyond the central nervous system were first reported in the early 1990s. When the idea of this book was conceived, the knowledge, specificity, and functional significance of GluRs in peripheral tissues was still in its embryonic stage. From our perspective, the idea of GluRs in peripheral tissues arose from our research on seafood toxins (see Chapter 1), and has now been reinforced by the results of other scientists working in similar areas. In this book, we have invited some of the leading authorities in the field to summarize their findings and to provide a framework for further investigations. The book is divided into three sections— Part I is on general concepts and concentrates on the distribution and cell-specific localiza tion of glutamate receptors, their transporters, and the pharmacology in peripheral tissues and organs. Part II emphasizes the presence and implications of these receptors in specific target tissues, organs, and systems, including liver, lungs, endocrine tissues, bone, immune system, etc. Part III focuses on glutamate receptors in plants to illustrate their presence beyond the animal kingdom.
Author: Daniela Durand
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789533075921
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Vladimir Kalinin
Publisher: IntechOpen
ISBN: 9789533075921
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 338
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Book Description
During the last 2-3 decades drastic research progress in anxiety issues has been achieved. It concerns mostly the study of different subtypes of anxiety and their treatment. Nevertheless, the data on anxiety pathogenesis is less elaborated, although here a multidimensional approach exists. It includes neurochemistry, pathophysiology, endocrinology and psychopharmacology. Again, we are able to recognize the multifarious sense of anxiety, and the present collective monograph composed of 16 separate chapters depicting the different aspects of anxiety. Moreover, a great part of book includes chapters on neurochemistry, physiology and pharmacology of anxiety. The novel data on psychopathology and clinical signs of anxiety and its relationship with other psychopathological phenomena is also presented. The current monograph may represent an interest and be of practical use not only for clinicians but for a broad range of specialists, including biochemists, physiologists, pharmacologists and specialists in veterinary.
Author: Magnus Peterson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Background and aims: The peripheral nervous system exhibits a key role in regulating inflammation and pain signaling of the damaged tissue via afferent to efferent pathways. In a previous study, we used an Achilles tendon rupture rat model and showed that mast cells in the healing tendon were positive for the ionotropic glutamate receptor, NMDAR1. This raises the possibility that mast cells can be activated by glutamate release from peripheral nerve endings. Methods: We cultured mouse bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC) and stimulated these cells with L-glutamate. Mast cell degranulation was quantified through u03b2-hexosaminidase release. We used immunofluorescence and Western blot techniques to quantify NMDARs and mgGluRs at the protein level, and RT-qPCR with microarray analysis to study the gene level expression. Results: We show that glutamate induces mast cell degranulation, and up-regulates the expression of glutamate receptors in mast cells. In agreement with this we found by qPCR and microarray analysis that mast cells upregulate the expression of a range of glutamate receptors in response to glutamate exposure, including ionotropic NMDAR1, NMDAR2A/2B, and metabotropic mGluR3, mGluR7. We also showed that the glutamate receptor, NMDAR1 co-localizes with glutamate in the cell membrane of mast cells exposed to glutamate, indicating the interaction between glutamate and its receptor(s) in the mast cell membrane.Conclusions: These findings introduce the possibility that glutamate signaling can have a functional impact on mast cells derived from peripheral tissue, suggesting a mechanism for neuro-immunological response.
Author: P. Jeffrey Conn
Publisher: Humana Press
ISBN: 9780896032910
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 277
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Book Description
It is the goal of The Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors to provide acomprehensive and forward-thinking review ofthe tremen dous advances that have occurred in less than a decade of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) research. Virtually every areaof mGluR research is covered, including the molecular biology, pharmacology, anatomical distribution, and physiological and pathological roles of mGluRs. It is our intention that this volume not only summarize what is now known about the mGluRs, but also illuminate the areas in which there is the greatest need for focused research. Glutamic acid is an amino acid that has long been known to play several important metabolic roles in central and peripheral tissues and to be a component of several naturally occurring molecules. The first evidence that glutamate mayaIso serve as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) came in the late 1950s and early 1960s when glutamate and other acidic amino acids were found to induce behavioral convulsions when topically applied to the cortex and to excite a wide variety of central neurons. These findings spurred a massive research effort that quickly established glutamate as the pri mary excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS. One of the most striking characteristics of glutamate that was quickly recognized was its ubiquitous role in serving as the neurotransmitter at the vast majority of excitatory synapses in the brain. It is now clear that most central neuronal circuits involve glutamatergic neurotransmission at some level.
Author: Richard Teke Ngomba
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319561707
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 283
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Book Description
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Eight different mGlu subtypes have been identified and classified into three groups based on amino acid sequence similarity, agonist pharmacology, and the signal transduction pathways to which they couple. They perform a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, being involved in learning, memory, anxiety, and the perception of pain. They are found in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in synapses of the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex, as well as other parts of the bain and peripheral tissues. This volume will focus on the latest research in the role of Group I mGluRs in health and disease.
Author: Antonius M. VanDongen
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 142004415X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Book Description
The NMDA receptor plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system and in adult neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, it is not surprising that this receptor has been widely studied. However, despite the importance of rhythms for the sustenance of life, this aspect of NMDAR function remains poorly studied. Written
Author: J. Storm-Mathisen
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080532578
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 311
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Book Description
The volume presents a comprehensive and up-to-date treatise of the glutamatergic synapse and its environment. Particular emphasis is on the localizations of the molecular constituents of the synaptic machinery. Immunogold and other high-resolution methods are used extensively. Each chapter presents new data that have not previously been reviewed. The material presented forms the basis for work directed to understanding the functional properties of excitatory synapses in greater depth, to discover mechanisms of neurological and psychiatric disorders and novel methods for treatment. Chapter 1 deals with the transmitter molecule itself, mechanisms of release and pathways for glutamate synthesis. The anatomy of glutamatergic nerve projection pathways in different brain regions is dealt with. In Chapter 2, focus is on aspartate, the enigmatic congener of glutamate, and its possible role in excitatory neurotransmission. Chapters 3 through 6 deal with glutamate receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents an in situ hybridization atlas of the different classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The localizations of these receptors at the regional and synaptic level are presented in Chapter 5. The ways in which the receptors are brought to the synapse and held in position are the subject of Chapter 6. Chapter 7 deals with the enzymes responsible for formation and catabolism of glutamate. In Chapter 8, the regulation of extracellular glutamate levels by glutamate transporters is discussed. The final two chapters of the volume focus on two "model synapses" that, due to special features, lend themselves particularly well to demonstrating properties of glutamatergic synapses. The hair cell-to-afferent nerve terminal synapses in the inner ear (Chapter 9), with their supporting cells, share essential properties with glutamatergic synapses in the central nervous system. The salient features of the latter are illustrated by the synapses of the giant reticulo-spinal axons of the lamprey, used to unravel molecular mechanisms of the cycling of synaptic vesicles (Chapter 10).
Author: Daniel Monaghan
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461239621
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 381
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Book Description
The Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors provides the first detailed survey of the biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological properties of recombinant ionotropic glutamate receptors. The distinguished contributors show how the molecular characteristics of these receptors account for many of the properties of native ionotropic glutamate receptors. They also examine in detail the properties of glutamate receptor subunits, including receptor modulation by phosphorylation and the anatomical localization of specific glutamate receptor subunits as determined by in situ hybridization and immunochemistry. The Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors conveys the first clear insights into the molecular bases underlying the wealth of pharmacological and physiological data on these receptors.
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128201908
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 404
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Book Description
The Advances in Pharmacology series presents a variety of chapters from the best authors in the field. Includes the authority and expertise of leading contributors in pharmacology Presents the latest release in the Advances in Pharmacology series
