Global Climate Impacts from Changes in Antarctic Intermediate Water PDF Download
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Author: Jennifer A. Graham
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Observations suggest that properties of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are changing. The impact of these variations is explored using a series of idealised perturbation experiments. Two sets of ensembles have been used. The first varied initial atmospheric states; the second varied initial states in the ocean and atmosphere. The ensemble simulations were integrated over 120 and 100 years, respectively, altering AAIW from 10-200S in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans separately in a coupled climate model, HadCM3. Potential temperature was changed by ±1 DC, along with corresponding changes in salinity, maintaining constant potential density. There is a surface response to changes in AAIW in each of the three major ocean basins. When the water mass surfaces in the equatorial regions, there is no significant change in sea surface temperature (SST). However, there is a SST response when the anomalies surface at higher latitudes (>300). Anomalous sea-to-air heat fluxes leave density anomalies in the ocean. Resulting changes in ocean circulation cause responses to opposite perturbations to be nonlinear. In the Southern Ocean, changes in the meridional density gradient lead to changes in Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport. The North Atlantic is particularly sensitive, with density anomalies causing changes in the meridional overturning circulation of up to 1 Sv. Surfacing anomalies and changes in meridional ocean heat transport cause basin-wide changes in the surface ocean and overlying atmosphere on multi-decadal timescales. Cooling in the North Atlantic Current may be self-sustaining as it leads to high pressure anomalies in the overlying atmosphere, and increased wind stress over the sub-polar gyre. The spatial pattern of SST anomalies in the North Pacific resembles the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Heat and salt distribution in the Indian Ocean is influenced by the Indonesian Through-Flow (ITF). Long-term trends in the ITF are caused by bottom pressure anomalies in the Pacific.
Author: Jennifer A. Graham
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Observations suggest that properties of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are changing. The impact of these variations is explored using a series of idealised perturbation experiments. Two sets of ensembles have been used. The first varied initial atmospheric states; the second varied initial states in the ocean and atmosphere. The ensemble simulations were integrated over 120 and 100 years, respectively, altering AAIW from 10-200S in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans separately in a coupled climate model, HadCM3. Potential temperature was changed by ±1 DC, along with corresponding changes in salinity, maintaining constant potential density. There is a surface response to changes in AAIW in each of the three major ocean basins. When the water mass surfaces in the equatorial regions, there is no significant change in sea surface temperature (SST). However, there is a SST response when the anomalies surface at higher latitudes (>300). Anomalous sea-to-air heat fluxes leave density anomalies in the ocean. Resulting changes in ocean circulation cause responses to opposite perturbations to be nonlinear. In the Southern Ocean, changes in the meridional density gradient lead to changes in Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport. The North Atlantic is particularly sensitive, with density anomalies causing changes in the meridional overturning circulation of up to 1 Sv. Surfacing anomalies and changes in meridional ocean heat transport cause basin-wide changes in the surface ocean and overlying atmosphere on multi-decadal timescales. Cooling in the North Atlantic Current may be self-sustaining as it leads to high pressure anomalies in the overlying atmosphere, and increased wind stress over the sub-polar gyre. The spatial pattern of SST anomalies in the North Pacific resembles the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Heat and salt distribution in the Indian Ocean is influenced by the Indonesian Through-Flow (ITF). Long-term trends in the ITF are caused by bottom pressure anomalies in the Pacific.
Author: John Turner
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780948277221
Category : Antarctica
Languages : en
Pages : 526
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Book Description
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9781009157971
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 755
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Book Description
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309133041
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
The climate record for the past 100,000 years clearly indicates that the climate system has undergone periodic-and often extreme-shifts, sometimes in as little as a decade or less. The causes of abrupt climate changes have not been clearly established, but the triggering of events is likely to be the result of multiple natural processes. Abrupt climate changes of the magnitude seen in the past would have far-reaching implications for human society and ecosystems, including major impacts on energy consumption and water supply demands. Could such a change happen again? Are human activities exacerbating the likelihood of abrupt climate change? What are the potential societal consequences of such a change? Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises looks at the current scientific evidence and theoretical understanding to describe what is currently known about abrupt climate change, including patterns and magnitudes, mechanisms, and probability of occurrence. It identifies critical knowledge gaps concerning the potential for future abrupt changes, including those aspects of change most important to society and economies, and outlines a research strategy to close those gaps. Based on the best and most current research available, this book surveys the history of climate change and makes a series of specific recommendations for the future.
Author: Fabio Florindo
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080931618
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 606
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Book Description
Antarctic Climate Evolution is the first book dedicated to furthering knowledge on the evolution of the world’s largest ice sheet over its ~34 million year history. This volume provides the latest information on subjects ranging from terrestrial and marine geology to sedimentology and glacier geophysics. An overview of Antarctic climate change, analyzing historical, present-day and future developments Contributions from leading experts and scholars from around the world Informs and updates climate change scientists and experts in related areas of study
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309456037
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 83
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Book Description
The sea ice surrounding Antarctica has increased in extent and concentration from the late 1970s, when satellite-based measurements began, until 2015. Although this increasing trend is modest, it is surprising given the overall warming of the global climate and the region. Indeed, climate models, which incorporate our best understanding of the processes affecting the region, generally simulate a decrease in sea ice. Moreover, sea ice in the Arctic has exhibited pronounced declines over the same period, consistent with global climate model simulations. For these reasons, the behavior of Antarctic sea ice has presented a conundrum for global climate change science. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in January 2016, to bring together scientists with different sets of expertise and perspectives to further explore potential mechanisms driving the evolution of recent Antarctic sea ice variability and to discuss ways to advance understanding of Antarctic sea ice and its relationship to the broader ocean-climate system. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Author: Dan Seidov
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 087590985X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 306
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Book Description
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 126. Until a few decades ago, scientists generally believed that significant large-scale past global and regional climate changes occurred at a gradual pace within a time scale of many centuries or millennia. A secondary assumption followed: climate change was scarcely perceptible during a human lifetime. Recent paleoclimatic studies, however, have proven otherwise: that global climate can change extremely rapidly. In fact, there is good evidence that in the past at least regional mean annual temperatures changed by several degrees Celsius on a time scale of several centuries to several decades.
Author: Peter Lemke
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400720270
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 473
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Book Description
The Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on earth. Over the next 100 years, climate change is expected to accelerate, contributing to major physical, ecological, social, and economic changes, many of which have already begun. Changes in arctic climate will also affect the rest of the world through increased global warming and rising sea levels. The volume addresses the following major topics: - Research results in observing aspects of the Arctic climate system and its processes across a range of time and space scales - Representation of cryospheric, atmospheric, and oceanic processes in models, including simulation of their interaction with coupled models - Our understanding of the role of the Arctic in the global climate system, its response to large-scale climate variations, and the processes involved.
Author: R. A. Warrick
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521395168
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 450
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Book Description
An international team of experts address the questions of climate and sea level change.
Author: Matthias Tomczak
Publisher: Daya Books
ISBN: 9788170353072
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
An introduction to regional oceanography for students in all fields of marine sciences. The two core principles are the use of the most modern data base for all maps of the regional distribution of properties, and discussion of all observed features within a frame of reference developed from ocean dynamics, rather than based on the simple geographical approach. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
