Genome-wide Interaction Analyses of Milk Production Traits in Dairy Cattle PDF Download
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789463954709
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
There is substantial evidence that the genetic background of milk production traits changes during lactation. It is known that the genetic variances for several milk production traits change during lactation and genetic correlations between milk production traits at different lactation stages differ from unity. In addition, for the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism it has been shown that its effects on milk production traits are not constant during lactation. However, most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for milk production traits do not account for changes in genetic effects during lactation. Therefore, these GWAS might miss QTL whose effects change during lactation. The objective of this thesis was to scan the whole genome for QTL whose effects on milk production traits change during lactation. First, 4 different GWAS approaches were performed to detect QTL with changing effects on protein content during lactation including an alternative approach; GWAS for genotype by lactation stage interaction. Results showed that the GWAS for genotype by lactation stage interaction identified significant regions that were not detected in GWAS assuming constant SNP effects during lactation. The GWAS for genotype by lactation stage interaction were performed for 7 other milk production traits. In total 7 genomic regions whose effects change during lactation exhibited significant genotype by lactation stage interaction effects. Therefore, GWAS for genotype by lactation stage interaction offered new possibilities to unravel the changes in genetic background of milk production traits. Changes in genetic effects in early lactation might be related to negative energy balance. Effects of pregnancy might cause changes in late lactation. Possible effects of pregnancy were further investigated by studying genotype by pregnancy interaction. Interestingly, the effects of pregnancy on milk production traits differed for DGAT1 genotypes. Finally, GWAS for genotype by season interaction were performed and identified major interaction signals on chromosomes 3 and 14 (DGAT1).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789463954709
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
There is substantial evidence that the genetic background of milk production traits changes during lactation. It is known that the genetic variances for several milk production traits change during lactation and genetic correlations between milk production traits at different lactation stages differ from unity. In addition, for the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism it has been shown that its effects on milk production traits are not constant during lactation. However, most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for milk production traits do not account for changes in genetic effects during lactation. Therefore, these GWAS might miss QTL whose effects change during lactation. The objective of this thesis was to scan the whole genome for QTL whose effects on milk production traits change during lactation. First, 4 different GWAS approaches were performed to detect QTL with changing effects on protein content during lactation including an alternative approach; GWAS for genotype by lactation stage interaction. Results showed that the GWAS for genotype by lactation stage interaction identified significant regions that were not detected in GWAS assuming constant SNP effects during lactation. The GWAS for genotype by lactation stage interaction were performed for 7 other milk production traits. In total 7 genomic regions whose effects change during lactation exhibited significant genotype by lactation stage interaction effects. Therefore, GWAS for genotype by lactation stage interaction offered new possibilities to unravel the changes in genetic background of milk production traits. Changes in genetic effects in early lactation might be related to negative energy balance. Effects of pregnancy might cause changes in late lactation. Possible effects of pregnancy were further investigated by studying genotype by pregnancy interaction. Interestingly, the effects of pregnancy on milk production traits differed for DGAT1 genotypes. Finally, GWAS for genotype by season interaction were performed and identified major interaction signals on chromosomes 3 and 14 (DGAT1).
Author: P. F. Fox
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319148923
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 598
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Book Description
This book is the most comprehensive introductory text on the chemistry and biochemistry of milk. It provides a comprehensive description of the principal constituents of milk (water, lipids, proteins, lactose, salts, vitamins, indigenous enzymes) and of the chemical aspects of cheese and fermented milks and of various dairy processing operations. It also covers heat-induced changes in milk, the use of exogenous enzymes in dairy processing, principal physical properties of milk, bioactive compounds in milk and comparison of milk of different species. This book is designed to meet the needs of senior students and dairy scientists in general.
Author: R. A. Mrode
Publisher: Cab International
ISBN: 9781845939816
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 343
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Book Description
The prediction of producing desirable traits in offspring such as increased growth rate or superior meat, milk and wool production is a vital economic tool to the animal scientist. Summarizing the latest developments in genomics relating to animal breeding values and design of breeding programs, this new edition includes models of survival analysis, social interaction and sire and dam models, as well as advancements in the use of SNPs in the computation of genomic breeding values.
Author: Andre Martinho de Almeida
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783319696812
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 489
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Book Description
Proteomics, like other post-genomics tools, has been growing at a rapid pace and has important applications in numerous fields of science. While its use in animal and veterinary sciences is still limited, there have been considerable advances in this field in recent years, in areas as diverse as physiology, nutrition and food of animal origin processing. This is mainly as a consequence of a wider availability and better understanding of proteomics methodologies by animal and veterinary researchers. This book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art account of the status of farm-animal proteomics research, focusing on the principles behind proteomics methodologies and its specific applications and offering clear example.
Author: Bianca Castiglioni
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3036508961
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Book Description
Wood surface attributes can be established by examining its several different physical or chemical properties. Differences in the wood surfaces occur between the manufacturing and post-treatment processes as well. Understanding how their unique anisotropic molecular organization, chemical linkages, branching, and other molecular features govern micro- and macroscale accessibility is essential for coating and complex modification processes. It is therefore important for scientific as well as practical reasons to qualify and quantify the effects of wood surface treatments and modifications. Challenges still exist to fully understanding the effect of the numerous applied chemicals and the wide range of treatment processes on wood surfaces.
Author: Cedric Gondro
Publisher: Humana Press
ISBN: 9781627034463
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
With the detailed genomic information that is now becoming available, we have a plethora of data that allows researchers to address questions in a variety of areas. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become a vital approach to identify candidate regions associated with complex diseases in human medicine, production traits in agriculture, and variation in wild populations. Genomic prediction goes a step further, attempting to predict phenotypic variation in these traits from genomic information. Genome-Wide Association Studies and Genomic Prediction pulls together expert contributions to address this important area of study. The volume begins with a section covering the phenotypes of interest as well as design issues for GWAS, then moves on to discuss efficient computational methods to store and handle large datasets, quality control measures, phasing, haplotype inference, and imputation. Later chapters deal with statistical approaches to data analysis where the experimental objective is either to confirm the biology by identifying genomic regions associated to a trait or to use the data to make genomic predictions about a future phenotypic outcome (e.g. predict onset of disease). As part of the Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters provide helpful, real-world implementation advice.
Author: Marleen Felius
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781570763816
Category : Cattle
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
More than 1,000 cattle breeds from around the globe are cataloged in this monumental bovine reference. Each breed, including species found only in prehistory, is provided with a detailed physical description and a watercolor drawn to scale. Cattle are also classified into groups and subgroups according to geographical distribution, historical background, and physical features. Charts indicating breed lineage and records of crossbreeding, maps clearly depicting the location and distribution of authentic and derived breeds, and additional color photographs all round out this unprecedented resource.
Author: Isaac William Haagen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The overall objective of this dissertation was to evaluate genetic parameters of dairy calf and heifer health which are important considerations for animal wellbeing and farm profitability. Despite this, little research has been conducted regarding the genetics of health in dairy youngstock. In Chapters 2 and 3, we report genetic parameters for serum total protein in calves and the genetic correlations between serum total protein and other calf health traits. In Chapter 2, we explore serum total protein as a novel trait for selection in dairy calves. Serum total protein was measured and recorded by producers on-farm and then extracted from herd management software. Failure of passive transfer of immunity was declared for serum total protein values less than 5.2 g / dL. Stayability until 365 days of age was defined as a binary trait where calves were assigned a value of 2 if they remained in the herd and 1 if they were removed from the herd for any reason. For each trait, two datasets were analyzed: one that included all Holstein sired calves (n = 16,725) and a more restrictive dataset that required Holstein sired calves to have a recorded Holstein maternal grandsire (n = 7,518). Heritability estimates for serum total protein ranged from 0.06 to 0.08, and heritability estimates for failure of passive transfer of immunity ranged from 0.04 to 0.06. Stayability heritability estimates ranged from 0.08 to 0.11. The genetic correlation estimate between serum total protein and failure of passive transfer of immunity was near 1 while the genetic correlation estimates between serum total protein and stayability ranged from 0.19 to 0.25. Approximate genetic correlations were estimated between serum total protein and predicted transmitting abilities for health, fertility, and production traits evaluated by the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding. Serum total protein exhibited positive approximate genetic correlations with cow livability, productive life, net merit dollars, and milk yield, and favorable correlations were also found with calving traits. Our results suggest that serum total protein is heritable and favorably correlated with measures of cow health and production. After showing that serum total protein is heritable in Chapter 3, we explore the genetic relationship between serum total protein and three additional measures of calf health: respiratory disease until 365 days of age, scours until 60 days of age, and stayability until 365 days of age. Genetic correlations were generally low between serum total protein and respiratory disease, scours, or stayability and ranged from 0.010 to 0.137 for respiratory disease and scours, respectively, with large posterior standard deviations. While numerically serum total protein exhibited an unfavorable genetic correlation with scours risk, the magnitude was small. We further explored regions of the genome explaining additive variance for serum total protein, respiratory disease, scours, and stayability through a genome-wide association analysis. The results from the genome-wide association analysis suggest that these calf traits are largely polygenic and influenced by many regions of the genome. The objectives of Chapter 4 were to estimate genetic parameters of calf health in organic US Holstein calves for three calf health traits: calf respiratory disease until 365 days of age, calf scours until 60 days of age, and heifer stayability until 365 days of age. Heritability estimates were 0.100, 0.075, and 0.085 for respiratory disease, scours, and stayability, respectively. Signs were reversed when presenting correlations such that higher correlations between scours, respiratory disease and stayability were all favored and corresponded with resistance to disease rather than risk. The genetic correlation estimate between respiratory disease resistance and stayability was 0.675. However, genetic correlation estimates between respiratory disease and scours (0.148) and between scours and stayability (0.165) were low. We also estimated approximate genetic correlations of calf health traits with other traits evaluated nationally by the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding. These were generally low to moderate in magnitude. The strongest genetic correlation estimates were with longevity, particularly between stayability and heifer livability (0.417) and between stayability and cow livability (0.475); respiratory disease was also favorably correlated with heifer (0.355) and cow (0.296) livability. Because the approximate genetic correlation between stayability and heifer livability was only moderate in magnitude, we evaluated the random interaction of herd by sire which may indicate potential genotype by environment interaction effects; results showed that herd by sire interaction accounted for approximately 2 % of total variance. Overall, results suggest there is significant genetic variation in organic calf health, and there was potential evidence of genotype by environment interaction. Finally, in Chapter 5, we estimated genetic parameters for direct treatment costs in US organic Holstein nulliparous animals (n = 17,936). Producers provided cost estimates for veterinary treatment, on-farm supplies, and on-farm labor for respiratory disease and scours. Unique events were declared if 4 and 5 days elapsed between events for scours and respiratory disease, respectively, and treatment costs for scours and respiratory disease per animal were calculated as the product of mean treatment cost and number of unique event occurrences. Total treatment cost was calculated as the sum of respiratory disease cost, scours cost, and disposal cost (fixed at $6.00) for animals that were removed from the herd. All treatment costs were summed until 18 months of age. Average treatment costs were $56.37 and $25.21 for respiratory disease and scours, respectively. The average cost per animal were $10.19, $25.03, and $25.00 for respiratory disease, scours, and total costs, respectively. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.047 for total treatment cost to 0.057 for scours treatment costs. Total treatment cost was genetically correlated with both respiratory disease cost (0.495) and scours cost (0.465). The genetic correlation estimate between respiratory disease cost and scours cost was -0.331. Because total treatment cost was semi-continuous and right-skewed, we investigated various response variables for total treatment cost; these included total treatment cost, log-transformed treatment cost, and 2-trait conditional model with response variables any treatment cost (0 = no treatment costs; 1 = treatment cost greater than $0) and log-transformed total treatment cost conditional on treatment cost being greater than $0. The model with log-transformed total treatment cost as the response variable resulted in the highest heritability and reliability estimates while the response variable in the 2-trait model had the lowest. Predicted transmitting ability correlations with traits evaluated by the Council on Dairy Breeding were low and mostly not significant. This suggests that calf and heifer treatment costs are generally not genetically correlated with current national traits in the United States. While genetic variation for youngstock heath treatment costs was detected, heritability estimates were comparable to estimates for binary disease events despite the continuous nature of treatment costs. In conclusion, significant additive variance exists for dairy calf and heifer health traits such as serum total protein, youngstock disease, and youngstock disease treatment costs. In addition, disease and disease treatment costs were generally lowly to moderately correlated with current genetic evaluations in the United States. These results suggest there is potential to improve calf and heifer health through genetic selection.
Author: Julius Van der Werf
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781786762986
Category : Cattle
Languages : en
Pages : 659
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Book Description
Author: Paul Christou
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9781461457961
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1869
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Book Description
Gathering some 90 entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, this book covers animal breeding and genetics for food, crop science and technology, ocean farming and sustainable aquaculture, transgenic livestock for food and more.
