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Author: Ray Ming
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461480876
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 433
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Book Description
This book reviews various aspects of papaya genomics, including existing genetic and genomic resources, recent progress on structural and functional genomics, and their applications in papaya improvement. Organized into four sections, the volume explores the origin and domestication of papaya, classic genetics and breeding, recent progress on molecular genetics, and current and future applications of genomic resources for papaya improvement. Bolstered by contributions from authorities in the field, Genetics and Genomics of Papaya is a valuable resource that provides the most up to date information for papaya researchers and plant biologists.
Author: Ray Ming
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461480876
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 433
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Book Description
This book reviews various aspects of papaya genomics, including existing genetic and genomic resources, recent progress on structural and functional genomics, and their applications in papaya improvement. Organized into four sections, the volume explores the origin and domestication of papaya, classic genetics and breeding, recent progress on molecular genetics, and current and future applications of genomic resources for papaya improvement. Bolstered by contributions from authorities in the field, Genetics and Genomics of Papaya is a valuable resource that provides the most up to date information for papaya researchers and plant biologists.
Author: Andrea L. Blas
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Papaya
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Book Description
Papaya is a popular fruit tree for home garden and commercial production throughout the tropics. Papaya received top ranking among 39 common fruits for overall nutrition and, depending on variety, one medium papaya can supply more than the minimum daily requirement of vitamin A for adults. For this reason, papaya is one of the crops recommended by the World Health Organization as part of a sustainable strategy combining crop bio-fortification and dietary education programs to combat Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD). VAD is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, affecting nearly 0.5M children every year with approximately 50% mortality within a year of diagnosis. VAD is a serious public health concern in many of the countries where papaya is grown (Appendix C, Figure C.1) and development of new varieties that combine high vitamin A content with fruit qualities that affect consumer acceptance (e.g. fruit size, shape, aroma) is being pursued. Papaya fruit size and shape are quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes while fruit flesh color is controlled by a single major gene. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of a F2 population segregating for fruit size identified 13 QTL for papaya fruit weight, diameter, length or shape. These QTL mapped across five major linkage groups of the papaya genetic map and account for 5.5 to 37.1% of the phenotypic variation of the fruit trait. The 1-LOD interval surrounding each QTL was searched for candidate genes. Five candidate genes (without QTL association) that show homology to one of three previously identified tomato loci (ovate, sun or fw2.2) affecting tomato fruit size and shape have been identified in the papaya genome. Additionally, a chromoplast-specific lycopene beta-cyclase, CpCYC-b, has been identified as the single major gene determining papaya fruit flesh color. The benefit that papaya provides for vitamin A nutrition is derived from its carotenoid content that determines fruit flesh color. A co-dominant DNA marker, CPFC, with tight linkage to CpCYC-b has been developed for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in papaya breeding programs. The research presented here provides initial tools for MAS of papaya fruit size, shape and flesh color as well as additional genetic and sequence information for further genomic studies.
Author: Sadanand A. Dhekney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
ABSTRACT: Papaya is one of the major fruit crops of the tropical regions of the world. The cold sensitivity of this crop has limited its cultivation to tropical and warm subtropical regions. The Caricaceae family consists of genera with stress tolerance traits which can be potentially transferred to papaya using a combination of biotechnology and breeding. Carica and Vasconcella genomes were probed for the presence of cold inducible sequences similar to those found in the Arabidopsis genome using the polymerase chain reaction. These studies indicated the presence of possible cold inducible sequences in the Vasconcella genome but which were absent in the Carica genome. A genetic transformation approach was used to transfer CBF transgenes into papaya. The CBF (C repeat Binding Factor) gene family is known to induce the cold acclimation pathway in Arabidopsis. Embryogenic cultures were transformed using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated protocol.
Author: Parmeshwar Lal Saran
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1498735614
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
With coverage that ranges from basic information to advanced research, Papaya: Biology, Cultivation, Production and Uses pulls together the vast literature scattered over various sources into one practical resource. The book provides a solid review of papaya biology, production, and uses supported by color photographs and illustrations. It covers p
Author: Ray Ming
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 303000614X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 283
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Book Description
This book is the first comprehensive volume on the genetics and genomics of pineapple and provides an overview of the current state of pineapple research. Pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] is the second most important tropical fruit after banana in term of international trade. Its features are advantageous for genomic research: it has a small genome of 527 Mb which is diploid and vegetatively propagated; it is monocot, closely related to the grass family that includes major cereal crops, wheat, rice, corn, sorghum, and millet; and it serves as an out group for genetic and genomic research in grasses. In addition to exploring the evolution and improvement of pineapple, this work examines the pineapple genome with respect to genome structure and organization, comparative analyses with other angiosperm genomes, transcription factors, disease resistance, and circadian clock regulation of CAM related genes. With chapters covering botanical, genetic, genomic, and applied aspects of pineapple, this text also encourages the application of genomic technologies and suggests future prospects.
Author: Paul H. Moore
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387712194
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 592
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Book Description
For a long time there has been a critical need for a book to assess the genomics of tropical plant species. At last, here it is. This brilliant book covers recent progress on genome research in tropical crop plants, including the development of molecular markers, and many more subjects. The first section provides information on crops relevant to tropical agriculture. The book then moves on to lay out summaries of genomic research for the most important tropical crop plant species.
Author: Jennifer Han (Ph. D.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Caricaceae
Languages : en
Pages : 83
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Book Description
Sex chromosomes are found throughout many diverse lineages across the animal and plant kingdom. Most of the sex chromosomes that have been studied are well established and have already experienced many evolutionary forces, making it difficult to reconstruct the dynamic changes involved in the evolution of sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are evolved from a pair of autosomes with closely linked sex determining genes that have stopped recombining. Papaya has many qualities that make it attractive for studying sex chromosome genetics. It is trioecious (male, female, and hermaphrodite) with sex determined by a pair of nascent sex chromosomes approximately 7 million years old. The genome is relatively small (442.5 Mb) and the sex determining region of the sex chromosomes is small and well characterized; the hermaphrodite and male specific region of the Yh and Y chromosome respectively is 8.1 Mb and the corresponding X is 3.5 Mb. These sex specific regions of the X and Y chromosomes not only contain the genes that control sex type, but they also have genes associated with the different sexes. While the vegetative forms of the three sexes are phenotypically identical, the reproductive structures are unique. In stark contrast to female and hermaphrodite flowers on male plants are borne on long pendulous peduncles (60-90 cm) at the leaf axis. Female and hermaphrodite flowers are borne on short peduncles (0-4 cm). Gynodioecious varieties SunUp, SunUp Diminutive mutant and dioecious AU9 were used to test the response of papaya to gibberellic acid (GA3). Gibberellic acid is a hormone known to cause elongation of stems throughout the plant kingdom. It is also known as a masculinizing hormone. Exogenous applications of GA3 on female and hermaphrodite papaya did not yield any sex reversals but there was a significant increase in peduncle length and inflorescence branch number in all treated plants. There was an increase in plant height for all treated plants except SunUp Diminutive mutant, suggesting that the mechanism causing the dwarf phenotype is independent of gibberellins. Gibberellin metabolism genes were identified in the papaya genome, none of which mapped to the sex-determining region of either the male- or hermaphrodite-specific region of papaya Y or Yh chromosome. We hypothesize that a trans-acting regulatory element that enhances gibberellin biosynthesis plays a role in the extreme length of the male papaya peduncle Sex chromosomes experience several evolutionary forces. To further study the structure of the sex chromosomes, a mapping population was created to generate a high density genetic map. A female AU9 was crossed with a hermaphrodite SunUp, the resulting offspring was backcrossed to the hermaphrodite SunUp. Fifty-one individuals derived from this cross were used to create restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) libraries. A total of 228 RAD-seq markers were mapped to 9 major and 2 minor linkage groups. Previous studies have shown that the Y chromosome experiences severe recombination suppression along the sex determining region. The resulting map from this study showed that the X chromosome is not experiencing recombination suppression. Additionally, possible centromere locations were identified for the other chromosomes. Sex chromosomes also undergo degeneration of genetic material. The effective population size of the sex chromosomes is reduced compared to the autosome. The lack of recombination, especially for the Y chromosome also increases the rate of degeneration. RNA seq data was generated using flower and leaf tissue from females, males, and hermaphrodite individuals to determine the rate at which the Y chromosome is experiencing degeneration. Expression levels were compared between the X and Y linked alleles in males and hermaphrodites. If there is no Y degeneration, then the expression levels between the sex linked alleles should be equal. Expression of male leaf tissue had significantly less expression of the Y allele compared to the X allele. This was not found in hermaphrodites and in all flower tissue. Dosage compensation is a phenomenon utilized by many organisms with sex chromosomes to account for the heterogametic sex having only one allele for many of the genes on the sex chromosome. While many organisms compensate expression levels in the heterogametic sex, this is not true of all animals. Very few studies have been conducted to determine if plants undergo the same evolutionary forces as animals and also evolve dosage compensation. There was no detectable dosage compensation in the primitive papaya sex chromosome.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Instability of papaya flowers is revealed by environmentally influenced sex reversal and stamen carpellody that is responsible for malformation of fruit, making them unmarketable. Based on knowledge of flower development in the model plants Antirrhirum and Arabidopsis, papaya homologous genes associated with flower development were cloned and characterized. The homologous genes FLOR/CAULA (FLO) in Antirrhirum and LEAFY (LFY) in Arabidopsis are known to regulate the initiation of flowering and the expression of floral organ identity genes. The papaya LFY homolog, PFL, shares 61% and 67% identity with LFYand FLO, respectively. Despite extensive sequence similarity in two conserved regions, the proline-rich motif differs between PFL and its counterparts in other plant species. This difference may not affect the gene function as demonstrated by the Pinus radiata LFY homolog, Need/y. Genomic and BAC southern analyses indicated only one copy of the PFL in the papaya genome. /n situ hybridization result revealed that PFL was already detected in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of young seedling at 5-node stage and it was expressed at a relatively lower level in leaf primodia, and at a high level in floral meristem. The C class gene AGAMOUS (AG) is required for both stamen and carpel identity. The AG homolog in papaya, PAG, was cloned and its full-length cDNA sequence and partial genomic sequence were obtained. PAG has 9 exons with a large, 6-7kb second intron and shares about 98% and 71% identity with the Arabidopsis AG MADS box and K box regions, respectively. Southern hybridization result shows only one copy of the PAG gene in the papaya genome. Northern analysis indicates PAG is expressed in flowers from a very early stage of flower development through mature flowers, but not in roots and leaves. HUA1 homolog in papaya, PHUA1, another regulator of stamen and carpel identities, shares 62% identity and 74% similarity with Arabidopsis HUA1. In the deduced amino acid sequenc.
Author:
Publisher: Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 924
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Book Description
Author: Robert Vanburen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Caricaceae
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The human Y chromosome is an ancient relic of its autosomal precursor; most of the genes have been lost in its 166 million years of separation from the X, and it has drastically shrunken in size. The highly degenerated nature of the human sex chromosomes make it impossible to trace the events that lead to their inception. Several theories have been proposed for how sex chromosomes evolve and the forces that shape their evolution, but complete sequence information is needed to test these hypotheses. Sex chromosomes in mammals are ancient, but sex chromosomes in fish, birds, and plants are much younger. The sex chromosomes of papaya evolved around 7 million years ago, making them an excellent model for studying the early stages of sex chromosome evolution. The papaya sex chromosomes are differentiated by an 8.1 Mbp, recombinationally suppressed, hermaphrodite-specific or male-specific region on the Y chromosome (HSY or MSY respectively) and its 3.5 Mb X counterpart. The X and HSY have been sequenced completely, shedding light on the early events of sex chromosome evolution. From their inception, Y chromosomes in plants and animals are subjected to the powerful effects of Müller's ratchet, a process spurred by suppression of recombination that results in a rapid accumulation of mutations and repetitive elements. The HSY has ballooned to 2.5 times the size of the X, accumulating a staggering amount of repeat sequences. The papaya Y, in the absence of recombination has accumulated nearly 12 times the amount of chloroplast-derived DNA than the corresponding region of the X chromosome and 4 times the papaya genome-wide average. Furthermore, a chloroplast genome fragment containing the rsp15 gene has been amplified 23 times in the HSY, evidence of retrotransposon-mediated duplication. The accumulated chloroplast DNA is evidence of the slow degeneration of the HSY. To characterize the forces shaping Y chromosome evolution, we sequenced the MSY using a BAC by BAC approach and used whole genome resequencing on 12 cultivated hermaphordites and 24 wild males. The MSY and hermaphrodite specific region of the Yh (HSY) are highly similar with shared gene content and structure. The Y chromosomes form three distinct populations despite otherwise normal gene flow in the autosomes. Molecular dating suggests the hermaphrodite Y chromosome is a product of human domestication about 4,000 years ago in Mesoamerica from a wild dioecious population now distributed into the north pacific region of Costa Rica. The papaya Y chromosomes have a higher diversity than the autosome, contrasting other young chromosome systems. The autosomal regions and male Y chromosome are evolving neutrally, but the HSY is experiencing strong positive selection due to a selective sweep during human domestication. This is the first case where human domestication resulted in the evolution of a new Y chromosome with novel functions which subject it to unique evolutionary constraints. The whole genome resequencing data was also used to assess the diversity, population structure, and selective forces acting on the X chromosome in papaya. Despite separate breeding systems of dioecy and gynodioecy, the X chromosomes are highly similar and cluster into a single group. This contrasts the two sub groups (gynodioecy and dioecy) observed in the autosome and three sub groups observed in the Y. The X chromosome has a tenfold reduction in nucleotide diversity compared to the autosome. This reduced diversity is caused by large scale selective sweeps and genetic bottleneck on the X. The low nucleotide diversity and strong selective sweep distinguish papaya from other sex chromosome systems. Together these results drastically expand our current knowledge if the evolutionary processes and forces that shape young sex chromosome evolution.
