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Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Wilford Frank Weeks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fracture mechanics
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Book Description
The increased activity in cold regions has made a thorough understanding of fracture in lake and sea ice quite desirable, inasmuch as this information has application to a number of problems of geophysical as well as engineering importance. This survey starts with a discussion of the structure of ice I and the macro- and microstructure of sea and lake ice as well as their chemistry and phase relations. Recent work on the direct observation of dislocations as well as the formation of cracks in ice is summarized. Formal ice-brine-air models for analyzing variations in ice strength are also reviewed. The results of the different types of tests are discussed and compared (compressive, indentation, direct and ring-tension, small beam flexure and in situ cantilevers and simple beams, shear, and impact). Scale effects are considered as well as the rapid strength deterioration experienced by ice sheets in the spring. Finally, a number of recommendations are made concerning future research in this field. (Author).
Author: H. Liebowitz
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1483273296
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1067
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Book Description
Fracture: An Advanced Treatise, Volume VII: Fracture of Nonmetals and Composites examines the fracture of nonmetals and composites. The text of this treatise has been designed so that the reader may acquire pertinent information by self-study. Most chapters have been written in detail and, insofar as possible, have been made to fill a significant gap by also providing, when appropriate, the details of complicated and involved mathematical derivations in appendixes. Whenever possible, only a level of college calculus on the part of the reader has been assumed. Numerical examples showing the engineering applications have been included; also, photographs and drawings have been greatly utilized. The book opens with a review of the fracture behavior of glass. This is followed by separate chapters on the fracture of polymeric glasses; mechanics of the fracture process in rock, with emphasis on the engineering viewpoint; the fracture behavior of simple, single-phase ceramics; and empirical information about, and our level of understanding of, fracture in polycrystalline ceramics. Subsequent chapters deal with the fracture of elastomers; molecular mechanical aspects of the isothermal rupture of elastomers; failure mechanics of fibrous composites; fracture mechanics of composites; fracture and healing of compact bones; and fracture of two-phase alloys; and fracture of lake ice and sea ice.
Author: Kazuo Matsuoka
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sea ice
Languages : en
Pages : 112
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Author: Jerome Weiss
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 940076202X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 95
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Book Description
Sea ice is a major component of polar environments, especially in the Arctic where it covers the entire Arctic Ocean throughout most of the year. However, in the context of climate change, the Arctic sea ice cover has been declining significantly over the last decades, either in terms of its concentration or thickness. The sea ice cover evolution and climate change are strongly coupled through the albedo positive feedback, thus possibly explaining the Arctic amplification of climate warming. In addition to thermodynamics, sea ice kinematics (drift, deformation) appears as an essential factor in the evolution of the ice cover through a reduction of the average ice age (and consequently of the cover's thickness), or ice export out of the Arctic. This is a first motivation for a better understanding of the kinematical and mechanical processes of sea ice. A more upstream, theoretical motivation is a better understanding of the brittle deformation of geophysical objects across a wide range of scales. Indeed, owing to its very strong kinematics, compared e.g. to the Earth’s crust, an unrivaled kinematical data set is available for sea ice from in situ (e.g. drifting buoys) or satellite observations. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of sea ice drift, deformation and fracturing obtained from these data. We focus particularly on the scaling properties in time and scale that characterize these processes, and we emphasize the analogies that can be drawn from the deformation of the Earth’s crust. These scaling properties, which are the signature of long-range elastic interactions within the cover, constrain future developments in the modeling of sea ice mechanics. We also show that kinematical and rheological variables such as average velocity, average strain-rate or strength have significantly changed over the last decades, accompanying and actually accelerating the Arctic sea ice decline.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 129
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Book Description
This report contains details of laboratory and field scale studies carried out to study fracture of sea ice. The field scale studies were carried out in six field trips on in-situ arctic sea ice. Lab scale studies were carried out on the samples obtained from cores taken from the sea ice during the field trips. The details of the experimental method and portable loading system specifically designed for these tests are given. The first two field trips are analyzed to reveal the size effect on the fracture of S1 freshwater and S2 sea ice. The analysis is carried out using size effect laws. To analyze the creep-recovery and cyclic loading experiment, a model based on the nonlinear theory of viscoelasticity is proposed. It is shown that the model is capable of predicting the load-deformation paths under simple loading histories.
Author: Erland M. Schulson
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521806208
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 403
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Book Description
The first complete account of the physics of the creep and fracture of ice, for graduates, engineers and scientists.
Author: Willy Weeks
Publisher: University of Alaska Press
ISBN: 160223101X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 682
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Book Description
Covering more than seven percent of the earth’s surface, sea ice is crucial to the functioning of the biosphere—and is a key component in our attempts to understand and combat climate change. With On Sea Ice, geophysicist W. F. Weeks delivers a natural history of sea ice, a fully comprehensive and up-to-date account of our knowledge of its creation, change, and function. The volume begins with the earliest recorded observations of sea ice, from 350 BC, but the majority of its information is drawn from the period after 1950, when detailed study of sea ice became widespread. Weeks delves into both micro-level characteristics—internal structure, component properties, and phase relations—and the macro-level nature of sea ice, such as salinity, growth, and decay. He also explains the mechanics of ice pack drift and the recently observed changes in ice extent and thickness. An unparalleled account of a natural phenomenon that will be of increasing importance as the earth’s temperature rises, On Sea Ice will unquestionably be the standard for years to come.
Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Frozen ground
Languages : en
Pages : 38
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Author: Harold Liebowitz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1080
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