Author: Anshu Bamney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Distracted driving is among the leading causes of motor vehicle crashes worldwide, though the magnitude of this problem is difficult to quantify given the limitations of police-reported crash data. A more promising approach is to evaluate the impacts of distraction in real-world driving events. To that end, this study leverages data from the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) to gain important insights into the risks posed by driver distraction. The objectives of this study are to assess the risk of crash and near-crash events under different contextual environments based upon whether the driver was engaged in any secondary (i.e., non-driving related) tasks. The research also compares speed profiles of distracted drivers in low-speed and high-speed environments, providing important insights into how driver behavior changes based upon the type and intensity of distraction. The first analysis uses the standard SHRP 2 data to compare the differences between near-crash risks on limited access freeways and two-lane highways. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were estimated to discern how the risks of near-crash events varied by distraction type while controlling for the effects of driver, roadway, and traffic characteristics. In general, the risks were more pronounced for those distractions that were a combination of cognitive, visual, and manual distractions (for e.g., cell phone texting). While the same factors tended to increase near-crash risk on both types of facilities, the impacts of several factors tended to be more pronounced on two-lane highways where interaction with other vehicles occurred more frequently. The second analysis uses a subset of the NDS data that were focused on naturalistic engagement in secondary tasks (NEST). The NEST data were used to assess how the type and duration of distraction impacted the likelihood of crash and near-crash events. Separate comparisons were made between crashes and near-crashes with "normal" baseline driving events. The results show the duration of distraction to be a strong predictor of both crash and near-crash risk and were found to have similar relationships with crashes and near-crashes. The risks were highest for those secondary tasks that introduce a combination of visual and manual distractions that provides evidence that distractions requiring higher levels of engagement have more pronounced impacts on safety. The third and final analysis uses NEST data to analyze how driver speed selection varies based upon the types of secondary tasks that a driver is engaged in. Comparisons are made as to differences between high-speed and low-speed environments. Two-way random effects linear regression models were estimated for both speed regimes while controlling for driver, roadway, and traffic characteristics. In general, engagement in all tasks was found to decrease speeds in high-speed environments, while the effects were mixed in low-speed settings. These changes in speeds are much pronounced for secondary tasks that include a combination of visual, manual, and cognitive distractions, such as cell phone use. Among all secondary tasks, handheld cellphone talking was associated with highest speed changes in both environments followed by reaching/manipulating an object and holding an object. Ultimately, the results of this study provides further motivation for more aggressive legislation and enforcement against distracted driving. This can be achieved by enforcing strict laws and fines, graduated licensing process, public campaigns, modified infrastructure (rumble strips and tactile lane marking), and other such measures.
Author: Gary L Rupp
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768061482
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 266
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Book Description
This book focuses on the study of secondary task demands imposed by in-vehicle devices on the driver while driving. It provides a mechanism for researchers to evaluate how in-vehicle devices such as navigation systems – as well as other devices such as cell phones – affect driver distraction and impact safety. This book, which features the work presented by international experts at the 4th International Driver Metrics Workshop, in June 2008, offers a summary of the current state of driver metrics research. Edited by workshop moderator Dr. Gary L. Rupp, the book introduces vital information to support the design of in-vehicle information and communication systems (IVIS). Topics covered include: • Driver object and event detection • Peripheral detection tasks (PDT) • Tactile-based detection tasks (TDT) • Modified Sternberg method for assessing visual and cognitive load of in-vehicle tasks • Modified Sternberg method for assessing peripheral detection task and lane change tests • The relationship between performance metrics and crash risk • Characterizing driver behaviors observed in naturalist driving studies • Developing metrics from lane change test studies
Author: Sheila G. Klauer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobile drivers
Languages : en
Pages : 228
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Book Description
The results indicated that driving while drowsy results in a four- to six-times higher near-crash/crash risk relative to alert drivers. Drivers engaging in visually and/or manually complex tasks have a three-times higher near-crash/crash risk than drivers who are attentive. There are specific environmental conditions in which engaging in secondary tasks or driving while drowsy is more dangerous, including intersections, wet roadways, and areas of high traffic density. Short, brief glances away from the forward roadway for the purpose of scanning the driving environment are safe and actually decrease near-crash/crash risk. Even in the cases of secondary task engagement, if the task is simple and requires a single short glance the risk is elevated only slightly, if at all. However, glances totaling more than 2 seconds for any purpose increase near-crash/crash risk by at least two times that of normal, baseline driving.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Distracted driving
Languages : en
Pages : 125
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Book Description
TRB's second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-S08A-RW-1: Analysis of Naturalistic Driving Study Data: Safer Glances, Driver Inattention, and Crash Risk explores the relationship between driver inattention and crash risk in lead-vehicle precrash scenarios (corresponding to rear-end crashes).
Author: Michael A. Regan
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420007491
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 674
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Book Description
Certain activities and events both inside and outside a vehicle can distract drivers and lead to degraded performance. New technologies- such as entertainment, communication, and driver assistance systems- play a significant role in distraction. This unique volume defines driver distraction, discusses various causes, and explains how to measure acceptable and unacceptable levels of distraction. Several chapters address measurement techniques based on performance and epidemiological studies. Most importantly, the text explores ways to mitigate driver distraction as well as countermeasures including vehicle design and effective legislation.
Author: Gavriel Salvendy
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429621019
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 8218
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Book Description
With contributions from an international group of authors with diverse backgrounds, this set comprises all fourteen volumes of the proceedings of the 4th AHFE Conference 21-25 July 2012. The set presents the latest research on current issues in Human Factors and Ergonomics. It draws from an international panel that examines cross-cultural differences, design issues, usability, road and rail transportation, aviation, modeling and simulation, and healthcare.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309392527
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 273
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Book Description
There are approximately 4,000 fatalities in crashes involving trucks and buses in the United States each year. Though estimates are wide-ranging, possibly 10 to 20 percent of these crashes might have involved fatigued drivers. The stresses associated with their particular jobs (irregular schedules, etc.) and the lifestyle that many truck and bus drivers lead, puts them at substantial risk for insufficient sleep and for developing short- and long-term health problems. Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health and Highway Safety assesses the state of knowledge about the relationship of such factors as hours of driving, hours on duty, and periods of rest to the fatigue experienced by truck and bus drivers while driving and the implications for the safe operation of their vehicles. This report evaluates the relationship of these factors to drivers' health over the longer term, and identifies improvements in data and research methods that can lead to better understanding in both areas.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Book Description
Author: John D. Lee
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1317147871
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 555
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Book Description
It is estimated that, in the United States, around 20 percent of all Police-reported road crashes involve driver distraction as a contributing factor. This figure increases if other forms of inattention are considered. Evidence (reviewed in this volume) suggests that the situation is similar in other countries and that driver distraction and inattention are even more dangerous as contributing factors in crashes than drug and alcohol intoxication. Having a solid evidence-base from which to develop injury countermeasures is a cornerstone of road-safety management. This book adds to the accumulating evidence-base on driver distraction and inattention. With 24 chapters by 52 authors from more than 10 countries, it provides important new perspectives on the definition and meaning of driver distraction and inattention, the mechanisms that characterize them, the measurement of their effects, strategies for mitigating their effects, and recommendations for further research. The goal of this book is to inspire further research and countermeasure development to prevent and mitigate the potentially adverse effects of driver distraction and driver inattention, and, in doing so, to save lives.
Author: Thomas A. Ranney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobile drivers
Languages : en
Pages : 25
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Book Description
Distinct from other forms of driver inattention, distraction occurs when a drivers attention is diverted away from driving by a secondary task that requires focusing on an object, event, or person not related to the driving task. Although existing data is inadequate and not representative of the driving population, it is estimated that drivers engage in potentially distracting secondary tasks approximately 30 percent of the time their vehicles are in motion. Conversation with passengers is the most frequent secondary task followed by eating, smoking, manipulating controls, reaching inside the vehicle, and cell phone use. Driver attention status is unknown for a large percentage of crash-involved drivers in the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). However for the period between 1995 and 2003 it is estimated that 10.5 percent of crash-involved drivers were distracted at the time of their crash involvement. Approximately 70 percent of distracted drivers crashes were either non-collision (single-vehicle) or rearend collisions. A significant proportion of the existing literature is devoted to assessing the impact of cell phone use on driving performance and safety. Although cell phone use represents a relatively small part of the overall distraction problem, use among drivers is steadily growing with approximately 10 percent of drivers using some type of cell phone at any point in time. Although not representative of the U.S. experience, the available evidence suggests that cell phone use increases drivers crash risk by a factor of 4. Experimental studies consistently reveal driving performance degradation (primarily slowed response time) associated with cell phone use; however phone tasks used in these studies are generally unrealistic and often more complex than everyday phone conversations. Insufficient data exist to assess the distraction effects of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS), however experimental results suggest that voice-based interfaces are less distracting than those requiring manual entry (e.g., via keyboard). Standard behavioral countermeasures, including laws, enforcement, and sanctions, are considered unlikely to be effective because distraction is a broad societal problem associated with lifestyle patterns and choices. Options for environmental (roadway) strategies are limited. Considerable activity has been devoted to the development of guidelines for IVIS interface design, resulting in some improvements. Promising future developments include large-scale naturalistic data collections to provide objective and representative data on distraction incidence and crash risk, and advanced driver assistance technologies that monitor drivers visual behavior and manage the flow of information to the driver. Recommendations for future research are presented.
