Author: Alexander S. Wilkinson
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004170278
Category : Reference
Languages : es
Pages : 900
Book Description
This is the first comprehensive listing of all books published in Spain, Portugal, Mexico and Peru or in Spanish or Portuguese before 1601. Iberian Books offers an analytical short title-catalogue of over 19,000 bibliographically distinct items, with reference to around 100,000 surviving copies in over 1,200 libraries worldwide. By drawing together information from many previously disparate published and online resources, it seeks to provide a single, powerful research resource. Fully-indexed, Iberian Books is an indispensible work of reference for all students and specialists interested in the literature, history and culture of the Iberian Peninsula in the early modern age, as well as historians of the European book world.Customers interested in this title may also be interested in: French Vernacular Books, edited by Andrew Pettegree, Malcolm Walsby and Alexander Wilkinson.
Iberian Books
Author: Alexander S. Wilkinson
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004170278
Category : Reference
Languages : es
Pages : 900
Book Description
This is the first comprehensive listing of all books published in Spain, Portugal, Mexico and Peru or in Spanish or Portuguese before 1601. Iberian Books offers an analytical short title-catalogue of over 19,000 bibliographically distinct items, with reference to around 100,000 surviving copies in over 1,200 libraries worldwide. By drawing together information from many previously disparate published and online resources, it seeks to provide a single, powerful research resource. Fully-indexed, Iberian Books is an indispensible work of reference for all students and specialists interested in the literature, history and culture of the Iberian Peninsula in the early modern age, as well as historians of the European book world.Customers interested in this title may also be interested in: French Vernacular Books, edited by Andrew Pettegree, Malcolm Walsby and Alexander Wilkinson.
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004170278
Category : Reference
Languages : es
Pages : 900
Book Description
This is the first comprehensive listing of all books published in Spain, Portugal, Mexico and Peru or in Spanish or Portuguese before 1601. Iberian Books offers an analytical short title-catalogue of over 19,000 bibliographically distinct items, with reference to around 100,000 surviving copies in over 1,200 libraries worldwide. By drawing together information from many previously disparate published and online resources, it seeks to provide a single, powerful research resource. Fully-indexed, Iberian Books is an indispensible work of reference for all students and specialists interested in the literature, history and culture of the Iberian Peninsula in the early modern age, as well as historians of the European book world.Customers interested in this title may also be interested in: French Vernacular Books, edited by Andrew Pettegree, Malcolm Walsby and Alexander Wilkinson.
Books of the Brave
Author: Irving A. Leonard
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520309944
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 508
Book Description
Since its original appearance in 1949, Irving A. Leonard's pioneering Books of the Brave has endured as the classic account of the introduction of literary culture to the Spanish New World. Leonard's study documents the works of fiction that accompanied and followed the conquistadores to the Americas and argues that popular texts influenced these men and shaped the way they thought and wrote about their experiences. UC Press's 1992 edition combines Leonard's text with a selection of the documents that were his most valuable sources—nine lists of books destined for the Indies. Containing a wealth of information, these lists provide the documentary evidence for what is perhaps Leonard's greatest contribution: his demonstration that royal and inquisitorial prohibitions failed to control the circulation of books and ideas in colonial Spanish America. Rolena Adorno's introduction reaffirms the lasting value of Books of the Brave and chronicles developments in cultural-historical studies that have shed light on the role of books in Spanish American colonial culture. Adorno situates Leonard's work at the threshold between older, triumphalist views of Spanish conquest history and more recent perspectives engendered by studies of native American peoples. With its rich descriptions of the book trade in both Spain and America, Books of the Brave has much to offer historians as well as literary critics. Indeed, it is a highly readable and engaging book for anyone interested in the cultural life of the New World. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1992.
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520309944
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 508
Book Description
Since its original appearance in 1949, Irving A. Leonard's pioneering Books of the Brave has endured as the classic account of the introduction of literary culture to the Spanish New World. Leonard's study documents the works of fiction that accompanied and followed the conquistadores to the Americas and argues that popular texts influenced these men and shaped the way they thought and wrote about their experiences. UC Press's 1992 edition combines Leonard's text with a selection of the documents that were his most valuable sources—nine lists of books destined for the Indies. Containing a wealth of information, these lists provide the documentary evidence for what is perhaps Leonard's greatest contribution: his demonstration that royal and inquisitorial prohibitions failed to control the circulation of books and ideas in colonial Spanish America. Rolena Adorno's introduction reaffirms the lasting value of Books of the Brave and chronicles developments in cultural-historical studies that have shed light on the role of books in Spanish American colonial culture. Adorno situates Leonard's work at the threshold between older, triumphalist views of Spanish conquest history and more recent perspectives engendered by studies of native American peoples. With its rich descriptions of the book trade in both Spain and America, Books of the Brave has much to offer historians as well as literary critics. Indeed, it is a highly readable and engaging book for anyone interested in the cultural life of the New World. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1992.
Books of the Brave
Author: Irving Albert Leonard
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 9780520079908
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Since its original publication in 1949, Irving A. Leonard's pioneering Books of the Brave has endured as the classic account of the introduction of literary culture to Spain's New World. Leonard's study documents the works of fiction that accompanied and followed the conquistadores to the Americas and goes on to argue that popular texts influenced these men and shaped the way they thought and wrote about their New World experiences. For the first time in English, this edition combines Leonard's text with a selection of the documents that were his most valuable sources--nine lists of books destined for the Indies. Containing a wealth of information that is sure to spark future study, these lists provide the documentary evidence for what is perhaps Leonard's greatest contribution: his demonstration that royal and inquisitorial prohibitions failed to control the circulation of books and ideas in colonial Spanish America. Rolena Adorno's introduction signals the lasting value of Books of the Brave and brings the reader up to date on developments in cultural-historical studies that have shed light on the role of books in Spanish American colonial culture. Adorno situates Leonard's work at the threshold between older, triumphalist views of Spanish conquest history and more recent perspectives engendered by studies of native American peoples. With its rich descriptions of the book trade in both Spain and America, Books of the Brave has much to offer historians as well as literary critics. Indeed, it is a highly readable and engaging book for anyone interested in the cultural life of the New World. Since its original publication in 1949, Irving A. Leonard's pioneering Books of the Brave has endured as the classic account of the introduction of literary culture to Spain's New World. Leonard's study documents the works of fiction that accompanied and followed the conquistadores to the Americas and goes on to argue that popular texts influenced these men and shaped the way they thought and wrote about their New World experiences. For the first time in English, this edition combines Leonard's text with a selection of the documents that were his most valuable sources--nine lists of books destined for the Indies. Containing a wealth of information that is sure to spark future study, these lists provide the documentary evidence for what is perhaps Leonard's greatest contribution: his demonstration that royal and inquisitorial prohibitions failed to control the circulation of books and ideas in colonial Spanish America. Rolena Adorno's introduction signals the lasting value of Books of the Brave and brings the reader up to date on developments in cultural-historical studies that have shed light on the role of books in Spanish American colonial culture. Adorno situates Leonard's work at the threshold between older, triumphalist views of Spanish conquest history and more recent perspectives engendered by studies of native American peoples. With its rich descriptions of the book trade in both Spain and America, Books of the Brave has much to offer historians as well as literary critics. Indeed, it is a highly readable and engaging book for anyone interested in the cultural life of the New World.
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 9780520079908
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Since its original publication in 1949, Irving A. Leonard's pioneering Books of the Brave has endured as the classic account of the introduction of literary culture to Spain's New World. Leonard's study documents the works of fiction that accompanied and followed the conquistadores to the Americas and goes on to argue that popular texts influenced these men and shaped the way they thought and wrote about their New World experiences. For the first time in English, this edition combines Leonard's text with a selection of the documents that were his most valuable sources--nine lists of books destined for the Indies. Containing a wealth of information that is sure to spark future study, these lists provide the documentary evidence for what is perhaps Leonard's greatest contribution: his demonstration that royal and inquisitorial prohibitions failed to control the circulation of books and ideas in colonial Spanish America. Rolena Adorno's introduction signals the lasting value of Books of the Brave and brings the reader up to date on developments in cultural-historical studies that have shed light on the role of books in Spanish American colonial culture. Adorno situates Leonard's work at the threshold between older, triumphalist views of Spanish conquest history and more recent perspectives engendered by studies of native American peoples. With its rich descriptions of the book trade in both Spain and America, Books of the Brave has much to offer historians as well as literary critics. Indeed, it is a highly readable and engaging book for anyone interested in the cultural life of the New World. Since its original publication in 1949, Irving A. Leonard's pioneering Books of the Brave has endured as the classic account of the introduction of literary culture to Spain's New World. Leonard's study documents the works of fiction that accompanied and followed the conquistadores to the Americas and goes on to argue that popular texts influenced these men and shaped the way they thought and wrote about their New World experiences. For the first time in English, this edition combines Leonard's text with a selection of the documents that were his most valuable sources--nine lists of books destined for the Indies. Containing a wealth of information that is sure to spark future study, these lists provide the documentary evidence for what is perhaps Leonard's greatest contribution: his demonstration that royal and inquisitorial prohibitions failed to control the circulation of books and ideas in colonial Spanish America. Rolena Adorno's introduction signals the lasting value of Books of the Brave and brings the reader up to date on developments in cultural-historical studies that have shed light on the role of books in Spanish American colonial culture. Adorno situates Leonard's work at the threshold between older, triumphalist views of Spanish conquest history and more recent perspectives engendered by studies of native American peoples. With its rich descriptions of the book trade in both Spain and America, Books of the Brave has much to offer historians as well as literary critics. Indeed, it is a highly readable and engaging book for anyone interested in the cultural life of the New World.
Carajicomedia
Author: Frank Domínguez
Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
ISBN: 1855662892
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 611
Book Description
A study and edition of one of the most ignored works of early Spanish literature because of its strong sexual content, this work examines the social ideology that conditioned the reactions of people to the events it describes as well as Fernando de Rojas's masterpiece, Celestina.
Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
ISBN: 1855662892
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 611
Book Description
A study and edition of one of the most ignored works of early Spanish literature because of its strong sexual content, this work examines the social ideology that conditioned the reactions of people to the events it describes as well as Fernando de Rojas's masterpiece, Celestina.
Lay Readings of the Bible in Early Modern Europe
Author: Erminia Ardissino
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004420606
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 328
Book Description
The aim of this collection of essays is to bring together new comparative research studies on the place and role of the Bible in early modern Europe. It focuses on lay readings of the Bible, interrogating established historical, social, and confessional paradigms. It highlights the ongoing process of negotiation between the faithful congregation and ecclesiastical institutions, in both Protestant and Catholic countries. It shows how, even in the latter, where biblical translations were eventually forbidden, the laity drew upon the Bible as a source of ethical, cultural, and spiritual inspiration, contributing to the evolution of central aspects of modernity. Interpreting the Bible could indeed be a means of feeding critical perspectives and independent thought and behavior. Contributors: Erminia Ardissino, Xavier Bisaro, Élise Boillet, Gordon Campbell, Jean-Pierre Cavaillé, Sabrina Corbellini, François Dupuigrenet Desroussilles, Max Engammare, Wim François, Ignacio J. García Pinilla, Stefano Gattei, Margriet Hoogvliet, Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin, and Concetta Pennuto.
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004420606
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 328
Book Description
The aim of this collection of essays is to bring together new comparative research studies on the place and role of the Bible in early modern Europe. It focuses on lay readings of the Bible, interrogating established historical, social, and confessional paradigms. It highlights the ongoing process of negotiation between the faithful congregation and ecclesiastical institutions, in both Protestant and Catholic countries. It shows how, even in the latter, where biblical translations were eventually forbidden, the laity drew upon the Bible as a source of ethical, cultural, and spiritual inspiration, contributing to the evolution of central aspects of modernity. Interpreting the Bible could indeed be a means of feeding critical perspectives and independent thought and behavior. Contributors: Erminia Ardissino, Xavier Bisaro, Élise Boillet, Gordon Campbell, Jean-Pierre Cavaillé, Sabrina Corbellini, François Dupuigrenet Desroussilles, Max Engammare, Wim François, Ignacio J. García Pinilla, Stefano Gattei, Margriet Hoogvliet, Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin, and Concetta Pennuto.
Edward Boehmer: Spanish Reformers of Two Centuries from 1520. Volume 2
Author: Edward Boehmer
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3111566064
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Book Description
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3111566064
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Book Description
Iberian Books Volumes II & III / Libros Ibéricos Volúmenes II y III (2 vols)
Author: Alexander Samuel Wilkinson
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004301135
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 2646
Book Description
Iberian Books II & III presents an indispensable foundational listing of everything known to have been published in Spain, Portugal and the New World, or of items printed in Spanish or Portuguese elsewhere, during the first half of the seventeenth century. Drawing on library catalogues, specialist bibliographies and studies, as well as auction catalogue records, Iberian Books lists 45,000 items, and the locations of some 215,000 copies surviving in 1,800 collections worldwide. These volumes offer a powerful research tool which will appeal to researchers, librarians and to the book selling and collecting communities. They will prove invaluable to anyone with a research interest in the literature, history and culture of the Iberian Peninsula in the early modern age. This set supplements Iberian Books, which logs the Iberian print production up to 1601. Los dos volúmenes de Iberian Books II & III ofrecen un registro pionero de todos los impresos publicados en España, Portugal y el Nuevo Mundo, o en español o portugués en otros lugares, entre 1601 y 1650. A partir del trabajo realizado en bibliotecas, la revisión de bibliografías especializadas y de catálogos de casas de subastas, Iberian Books recoge 45.000 impresos conservados en 215.000 ejemplares preservados en 1.800 colecciones de todo el mundo. Estos volúmenes ofrecen una herramienta de investigación de gran utilidad para investigadores, bibliotecarios, libreros y coleccionistas. Los dos volúmenes resultarán de enorme valor a todo aquel investigador interesado en la literatura, la historia y la cultura de la Península Ibérica de la Edad Moderna.
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004301135
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 2646
Book Description
Iberian Books II & III presents an indispensable foundational listing of everything known to have been published in Spain, Portugal and the New World, or of items printed in Spanish or Portuguese elsewhere, during the first half of the seventeenth century. Drawing on library catalogues, specialist bibliographies and studies, as well as auction catalogue records, Iberian Books lists 45,000 items, and the locations of some 215,000 copies surviving in 1,800 collections worldwide. These volumes offer a powerful research tool which will appeal to researchers, librarians and to the book selling and collecting communities. They will prove invaluable to anyone with a research interest in the literature, history and culture of the Iberian Peninsula in the early modern age. This set supplements Iberian Books, which logs the Iberian print production up to 1601. Los dos volúmenes de Iberian Books II & III ofrecen un registro pionero de todos los impresos publicados en España, Portugal y el Nuevo Mundo, o en español o portugués en otros lugares, entre 1601 y 1650. A partir del trabajo realizado en bibliotecas, la revisión de bibliografías especializadas y de catálogos de casas de subastas, Iberian Books recoge 45.000 impresos conservados en 215.000 ejemplares preservados en 1.800 colecciones de todo el mundo. Estos volúmenes ofrecen una herramienta de investigación de gran utilidad para investigadores, bibliotecarios, libreros y coleccionistas. Los dos volúmenes resultarán de enorme valor a todo aquel investigador interesado en la literatura, la historia y la cultura de la Península Ibérica de la Edad Moderna.
Introducción al Nuevo Testamento AETH
Author: Dr. Aquiles E. Martinez
Publisher: Abingdon Press
ISBN: 1426766009
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 189
Book Description
El Estudiante avanzado del Nuevo Testamento podrá encontrar en esta introducción un análisis sobrio del estado actual de la disciplina, y los pastores y pastoras, al igual que los maestros y maestras de escuela bíblica—descubrirán en sus paginas buenas ideas para elaborar estudios que ayuden a las congregaciones a entender y disfrutar la importante literatura bíblica veterostestamentaria. Written in Spanish, this work highlights the importance of understanding the New Testament, broadly defining it in a simple, yet organized, concrete manner. Martinez investigates the contents, purpose and context of each book of the New Testament, explaining how they became part of the canon and exploring the realities of geography, history, politics, economics, culture, philosophy, and religion in biblical times. The book includes other helpful suggestions for examining the New Testament and is ideal for classroom or personal study.
Publisher: Abingdon Press
ISBN: 1426766009
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 189
Book Description
El Estudiante avanzado del Nuevo Testamento podrá encontrar en esta introducción un análisis sobrio del estado actual de la disciplina, y los pastores y pastoras, al igual que los maestros y maestras de escuela bíblica—descubrirán en sus paginas buenas ideas para elaborar estudios que ayuden a las congregaciones a entender y disfrutar la importante literatura bíblica veterostestamentaria. Written in Spanish, this work highlights the importance of understanding the New Testament, broadly defining it in a simple, yet organized, concrete manner. Martinez investigates the contents, purpose and context of each book of the New Testament, explaining how they became part of the canon and exploring the realities of geography, history, politics, economics, culture, philosophy, and religion in biblical times. The book includes other helpful suggestions for examining the New Testament and is ideal for classroom or personal study.
Los Cuatro Evangelios Profeticos.
Author: Alejandro Roque Glez
Publisher: Alejandro's Libros
ISBN: 1463593465
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 73
Book Description
En la presente obra te ofrecemos los capítulos dedicados a los Cuatro Evangelios: Mateo, Marcos, Lucas y Juan en el Nuevo Testamento y las profecías bíblicas encerradas en ellos. Si el lector analiza los Evangelios Cristianos desde el punto de vista bíblico y no solo doctrinal, notará que el ministerio de Jesús fue mayoritariamente profético y es algo inexplicable que ello no sea tratado como tal merecidamente en las iglesias y congregaciones establecidas. El Hijo de Dios constantemente nos remontó al futuro en Su Venida rodeado de ángeles, las señales de los tiempos y el cielo, la importancia de Jerusalém en su reino, el fuego eterno, las bodas, la siega del final, la puerta estrecha; en fin, profetizando sobre lo que se acercaba para nuestra época actual, que seríamos quienes presenciaríamos todo al unísono, en una sola generación; y con frecuencia trayéndonos citas de los profetas mayores y menores, mencionando alguno de ellos por su nombre, como por ejemplo Daniel, Moisés y Elías. Como libro de estudio Los Cuatro Evangelios Proféticos se diferencia de otros en que no es simplemente para saciar la curiosidad sobre el futuro, o entretenernos como lo hace un filme de ciencia ficción. Es más que nada lo que el Espíritu Santo de Dios nos ha revelado fruto del estudio esforzado de todas las profecías bíblicas que señalan indudablemente hacia la implantación con bases solidas y eternas del Reino de Dios. Es por tanto un libro dirigido a aquellos interesados en escudriñar-como se nos dice en San Juan 5:39-las profecías bíblicas, incluidas dentro del Plan de Dios, dedicándole tiempo, paciencia y mucha oración.Este libro es precedido por otros titulados:-Profecías en el Pentateuco.-Profetas Mayores del Antiguo Testamento.-Profetas Menores del Antiguo Testamento.-Apocalipsis de San Juan. Interpretación y Explicación del libro.(Todos en conjunto conformaban la obra mayor '¡Tierra, tierra, tierra! Oye Palabra de Yahweh')Deseamos de todo corazón que las Escrituras proféticas te acerquen más al Creador hallando la Salvación y puerta de entrada a la eternidad a través de nuestro Redentor. Esperamos que te sea de ayuda para seguir velando y estar preparados para los ciertos y duros acontecimientos que se le avecinan a la humanidad en nuestros días.Índice:-Notas del autor.-Reflexión Intertestamentaria.-Evangelio de San Mateo.-Evangelio de San Marcos.-Evangelio de San Lucas.-Evangelio de San Juan.-Resumen Post-Evangelios.
Publisher: Alejandro's Libros
ISBN: 1463593465
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 73
Book Description
En la presente obra te ofrecemos los capítulos dedicados a los Cuatro Evangelios: Mateo, Marcos, Lucas y Juan en el Nuevo Testamento y las profecías bíblicas encerradas en ellos. Si el lector analiza los Evangelios Cristianos desde el punto de vista bíblico y no solo doctrinal, notará que el ministerio de Jesús fue mayoritariamente profético y es algo inexplicable que ello no sea tratado como tal merecidamente en las iglesias y congregaciones establecidas. El Hijo de Dios constantemente nos remontó al futuro en Su Venida rodeado de ángeles, las señales de los tiempos y el cielo, la importancia de Jerusalém en su reino, el fuego eterno, las bodas, la siega del final, la puerta estrecha; en fin, profetizando sobre lo que se acercaba para nuestra época actual, que seríamos quienes presenciaríamos todo al unísono, en una sola generación; y con frecuencia trayéndonos citas de los profetas mayores y menores, mencionando alguno de ellos por su nombre, como por ejemplo Daniel, Moisés y Elías. Como libro de estudio Los Cuatro Evangelios Proféticos se diferencia de otros en que no es simplemente para saciar la curiosidad sobre el futuro, o entretenernos como lo hace un filme de ciencia ficción. Es más que nada lo que el Espíritu Santo de Dios nos ha revelado fruto del estudio esforzado de todas las profecías bíblicas que señalan indudablemente hacia la implantación con bases solidas y eternas del Reino de Dios. Es por tanto un libro dirigido a aquellos interesados en escudriñar-como se nos dice en San Juan 5:39-las profecías bíblicas, incluidas dentro del Plan de Dios, dedicándole tiempo, paciencia y mucha oración.Este libro es precedido por otros titulados:-Profecías en el Pentateuco.-Profetas Mayores del Antiguo Testamento.-Profetas Menores del Antiguo Testamento.-Apocalipsis de San Juan. Interpretación y Explicación del libro.(Todos en conjunto conformaban la obra mayor '¡Tierra, tierra, tierra! Oye Palabra de Yahweh')Deseamos de todo corazón que las Escrituras proféticas te acerquen más al Creador hallando la Salvación y puerta de entrada a la eternidad a través de nuestro Redentor. Esperamos que te sea de ayuda para seguir velando y estar preparados para los ciertos y duros acontecimientos que se le avecinan a la humanidad en nuestros días.Índice:-Notas del autor.-Reflexión Intertestamentaria.-Evangelio de San Mateo.-Evangelio de San Marcos.-Evangelio de San Lucas.-Evangelio de San Juan.-Resumen Post-Evangelios.
Netherlandish Books (NB) (2 Vols)
Author: Andrew Pettegree
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004191976
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 1591
Book Description
Netherlandish Books offers a unique overview of what was printed during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in the Low Countries. This bibliography lists descriptions of over 32,000 editions together with an introduction and indexes.
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004191976
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 1591
Book Description
Netherlandish Books offers a unique overview of what was printed during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in the Low Countries. This bibliography lists descriptions of over 32,000 editions together with an introduction and indexes.