Evaluation of an Alternative Deicing Chemical Vs. Conventional Sodium Chloride PDF Download
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Author: Robert A. Eaton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Deicing chemicals
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Book Description
Author: Robert A. Eaton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Deicing chemicals
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Book Description
Author: Chaozhe Jiang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Deicing chemicals
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Large amounts of salts are applied every winter to highways, streets, parking lots and sidewalks. Despite its effectiveness, the use of salt has increasingly become a public concern because of the detrimental effect it has on the environment and the corrosion it causes to infrastructure and vehicles. Transportation agencies therefore are actively seeking ways to reduce salt use while keeping their roads safe. As an alternative to regular salt, new chemicals and additives, mostly agriculture byproducts or agro-based organic alternatives, that have fewer environmental side effects than regular road salts, are being developed by the industry and are increasingly available in the market. However, information on the field performance of these new organic alternatives as compared to regular salts is still limited. Questions concerning optimal application rates, mixing ratios, and the role of weather and traffic conditions still need to be answered for some newly available products. In this study, two organic agro-based products, namely, Fusion and Geomelt, for deicing/anti-icing treatments, were selected and their performance was tested through a series of field tests. The goal of this research is to investigate how well they would perform in field as compared to regular salt brine. A field test was conducted to collect performance data of these materials when used in prewetting and anti-icing operations. A total of nine snow events were covered in this experiment. The maintenance treatments that were tested followed the common maintenance operation protocols recommended by the two municipalities. Traction levels and visual conditions were used as the main performance metrics along with other road weather and pavement condition data. Three main findings were obtained from an analysis of the test data. First, salts prewetted with these organic compounds performed similarly to those using regular salt brine. In most cases, the performance differences were not statistically significant, indicating that there was little evidence supporting the superiority of the organic materials for a prewetting purpose. The test data also indicated that this was true under low temperatures (~-10°C), contrary to the common beliefs about the performance of these products. However, it should be noted that performance similarities could also be influenced by the fact that the organic liquids were used for prewetting salt at a much lower ratio (5% vs. 20% for brine). Also, the dominant compound in these prewet mixes is still regular salt - sodium chloride (95% for organic treated salt and 85% for brine treated salt). When used for prewetting purposes, Geomelt and Fusion showed similar performance in terms of traction level. However, when used as additives to brines for Direct Liquid Application (DLA), both organic products largely outperformed pure salt brine despite being applied at a half its application rate. Field tests also showed that the tested compounds could help maintain up to 20% higher traction and could maintain safer friction levels for up to an hour longer. Fusion outperformed Geomelt by up to 10 % in terms of traction level. Lastly, in general the sections treated with DLA performed significantly better than the untreated sections, confirming the advantage of anti-icing strategy for snow and ice control. The field data was further used to estimate a performance model that can be used by maintenance practitioners facing similar conditions. Two different models were explored, the first set of models focused on assessing the relative snow melting rate of Geomelt and Fusion as compared to regular brine. In its final form, the model suggests that the difference in the friction number on a surface maintained with Fusion or Geomelt and one maintained with Brine will increase at a rate of 1.76 per hour and 1.95 per hour respectively on identical test sections if no further maintenance actions are taken. The second set of models estimated were general purpose models that can be used to estimate the friction level on a roadway after maintenance has been conducted. In these models, the effects of weather, wind, and chemical type were found to be significant.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Deicing chemicals
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
Author: Xianming Shi
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119185157
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 619
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Book Description
The first and only comprehensive guide to best practices in winter road operations Winter maintenance operations are essential to ensure the safety, mobility, and productivity of transportation systems, especially in cold-weather climates, and responsible agencies are continually challenged to provide a high level of service in a fiscally and environmentally responsible manner. Sustainable Winter Road Operations bridges the knowledge gaps, providing the first up-to-date, authoritative, single-source overview and guide to best practices in winter road operations that considers the triple bottom line of sustainability. With contributions from experts in the field from around the world, this book takes a holistic approach to the subject. The authors address the many negative impacts on regional economies and the environment of poorly planned and inadequate winter road operations, and they make a strong case for the myriad benefits of environmentally sustainable concepts and practices. Best practice applications of materials, processes, equipment, and associated technologies and how they can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of winter operations, optimize materials usage, and minimize cost, corrosion, and environmental impacts are all covered in depth. Provides the first up-to-date, authoritative and comprehensive overview of best practices in sustainable winter road operations currently in use around the world Covers materials, processes, equipment, and associated technologies for sustainable winter road operations Brings together contributions by an international all-star team of experts with extensive experience in designing, implementing, and managing sustainable winter road operations Designed to bring professionals involved in transportation and highway maintenance and control up to speed with current best practice Sustainable Winter Road Operations is essential reading for maintenance professionals dealing with snow and ice control operations on highways, motorways and local roads. It is a valuable source of information and guidance for decision makers, researchers, and engineers in transportation engineering involved in transportation and highway maintenance. And it is an ideal textbook for advanced-level courses in transportation engineering.
Author: Frank M. D'Itri
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780873717052
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 632
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Book Description
Chemical Deicers and the Environment provides a complete discussion of chemical deicer technology and history in the United States and Canada. The book describes engineering applications, maintenance procedures, economic evaluations, in addition to environmental problems and concerns relative to the use of chemical deicing. It also provides a technical appraisal of the latest technology to stimulate further research and discussion directed toward achieving a more integrated approach for the application of new deicers that will protect motor vehicles, highways and infrastructures, and the environment. Chemical Deicers and the Environment will be a useful reference volume for scientists, legislators, transportation engineers, environmentalists, consultants, and concerned individuals interested in learning about the economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of today's chemical deicers.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Lloyd H. Hihara
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439819262
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 722
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Book Description
One of the main, ongoing challenges for any engineering enterprise is that systems are built of materials subject to environmental degradation. Whether working with an airframe, integrated circuit, bridge, prosthetic device, or implantable drug-delivery system, understanding the chemical stability of materials remains a key element in determining their useful life. Environmental Degradation of Advanced and Traditional Engineering Materials is a monumental work for the field, providing comprehensive coverage of the environmental impacts on the full breadth of materials used for engineering infrastructure, buildings, machines, and components. The book discusses fundamental degradation processes and presents examples of degradation under various environmental conditions. Each chapter presents the basic properties of the class of material, followed by detailed characteristics of degradation, guidelines on how to protect against corrosion, and a description of testing procedures. A complete, self-contained industrial reference guide, this valuable resource is designed for students and professionals interested in the development of deterioration-resistant technological systems constructed with metallurgical, polymeric, ceramic, and natural materials.
Author: Alberta Research Council
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geology
Languages : en
Pages : 578
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Author: Xianming Shi
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119185068
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 476
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Book Description
The first and only comprehensive guide to best practices in winter road operations Winter maintenance operations are essential to ensure the safety, mobility, and productivity of transportation systems, especially in cold-weather climates, and responsible agencies are continually challenged to provide a high level of service in a fiscally and environmentally responsible manner. Sustainable Winter Road Operations bridges the knowledge gaps, providing the first up-to-date, authoritative, single-source overview and guide to best practices in winter road operations that considers the triple bottom line of sustainability. With contributions from experts in the field from around the world, this book takes a holistic approach to the subject. The authors address the many negative impacts on regional economies and the environment of poorly planned and inadequate winter road operations, and they make a strong case for the myriad benefits of environmentally sustainable concepts and practices. Best practice applications of materials, processes, equipment, and associated technologies and how they can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of winter operations, optimize materials usage, and minimize cost, corrosion, and environmental impacts are all covered in depth. Provides the first up-to-date, authoritative and comprehensive overview of best practices in sustainable winter road operations currently in use around the world Covers materials, processes, equipment, and associated technologies for sustainable winter road operations Brings together contributions by an international all-star team of experts with extensive experience in designing, implementing, and managing sustainable winter road operations Designed to bring professionals involved in transportation and highway maintenance and control up to speed with current best practice Sustainable Winter Road Operations is essential reading for maintenance professionals dealing with snow and ice control operations on highways, motorways and local roads. It is a valuable source of information and guidance for decision makers, researchers, and engineers in transportation engineering involved in transportation and highway maintenance. And it is an ideal textbook for advanced-level courses in transportation engineering.
Author: Wilfrid A. Nixon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Deicing chemicals
Languages : en
Pages : 43
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Book Description
The use of chemicals is a critical part of a pro-active winter maintenance program. However, ensuring that the correct chemicals are used is a challenge. On the one hand, budgets are limited, and thus price of chemicals is a major concern. On the other, performance of chemicals, especially at lower pavement temperatures, is not always assured. Two chemicals that are used extensively by the Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) are sodium chloride (or salt) and calcium chloride. While calcium chloride can be effective at much lower temperatures than salt, it is also considerably more expensive. Costs for a gallon of salt brine are typically in the range of $0.05 to $0.10, whereas calcium chloride brine may cost in the range of $1.00 or more per gallon. These costs are of course subject to market forces and will thus change from year to year. The idea of mixing different winter maintenance chemicals is by no means new, and in general discussions it appears that many winter maintenance personnel have from time to time mixed up a jar of chemicals and done some work around the yard to see whether or not their new mix "works." There are many stories about the mixture turning to "mayonnaise" (or, more colorfully, to "snot") suggesting that mixing chemicals may give rise to some problems most likely due to precipitation. Further, the question of what constitutes a mixture "working" in this context is a topic of considerable discussion. In this study, mixtures of salt brine and calcium chloride brine were examined to determine their ice melting capability and their freezing point. Using the results from these tests, a linear interpolation model of the ice melting capability of mixtures of the two brines has been developed. Using a criterion based upon the ability of the mixture to melt a certain thickness of ice or snow (expressed as a thickness of melt-water equivalent), the model was extended to develop a material cost per lane mile for the full range of possible mixtures as a function of temperature. This allowed for a comparison of the performance of the various mixtures. From the point of view of melting capacity, mixing calcium chloride brine with salt brine appears to be effective only at very low temperatures (around 0° F and below). However, the approach described herein only considers the material costs, and does not consider application costs or other aspects of the mixture performance than melting capacity. While a unit quantity of calcium chloride is considerably more expensive than a unit quantity of sodium chloride, it also melts considerably more ice. In other words, to achieve the same result, much less calcium chloride brine is required than sodium chloride brine. This is important in considering application costs, because it means that a single application vehicle (for example, a brine dispensing trailer towed behind a snowplow) can cover many more lane miles with calcium chloride brine than with salt brine before needing to refill. Calculating exactly how much could be saved in application costs requires an optimization of routes used in the application of liquids in anti-icing, which is beyond the scope of the current study. However, this may be an area that agencies wish to pursue for future investigation. In discussion with winter maintenance personnel who use mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium chloride, it is evident that one reason for this is because the mixture is much more persistent (i.e. it stays longer on the road surface) than straight salt brine. Operationally this persistence is very valuable, but at present there are not any established methods to measure the persistence of a chemical on a pavement. In conclusion, the study presents a method that allows an agency to determine the material costs of using various mixtures of salt brine and calcium chloride brine. The method is based upon the requirement of melting a certain quantity of snow or ice at the ice-pavement interface, and on how much of a chemical or of a mixture of chemicals is required to do that.
