Estimation of the Cumulative Amplitude Probability Distribution Function of Ionospheric Scintillations PDF Download
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Author: H. E. Whitney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Artificial satellites
Languages : en
Pages : 46
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Book Description
The fading characteristics of ionospheric scintillations can be precisely described by a cumulative amplitude probability distribution function (cdf). The cdf expresses the probability or percentage of time that the signal amplitude will equal or exceed a given amplitude. Utilizing ionospheric scintillations observed on beacon signals from synchronous satellites transmitting at 136 MHz, distributions of amplitude variations have been made. The resulting distributions have been divided into five groups corresponding to ranges of scintillation index, the predominant measure in scintillation studies. The five distribution models are then combined with the occurrence of scintillations in various index ranges to produce cumulative amplitude probability distributions. These have been done for long term observations made at Hamilton, Mass., Narssarssuaq, Greenland, and Huancayo, Peru. The resulting data allows engineers to determine margins necessary for communication and navigation systems. (Author).
Author: H. E. Whitney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Artificial satellites
Languages : en
Pages : 46
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Book Description
The fading characteristics of ionospheric scintillations can be precisely described by a cumulative amplitude probability distribution function (cdf). The cdf expresses the probability or percentage of time that the signal amplitude will equal or exceed a given amplitude. Utilizing ionospheric scintillations observed on beacon signals from synchronous satellites transmitting at 136 MHz, distributions of amplitude variations have been made. The resulting distributions have been divided into five groups corresponding to ranges of scintillation index, the predominant measure in scintillation studies. The five distribution models are then combined with the occurrence of scintillations in various index ranges to produce cumulative amplitude probability distributions. These have been done for long term observations made at Hamilton, Mass., Narssarssuaq, Greenland, and Huancayo, Peru. The resulting data allows engineers to determine margins necessary for communication and navigation systems. (Author).
Author: Jules Aarons
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ionosphere
Languages : en
Pages : 72
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Book Description
In order to provide systems engineers with observations and analysis of the amplitude-fading of radio waves traversing the high latitude ionosphere, several different studies were performed. The concept was to develop descriptive and statistical models for the pattern of occurrence and amplitude of scintillations at high latitudes. Then, long terms observations from a limited number of sites could be linked to allow an assessment of the scintillation problem to communication, navigation, and detection systems in the VHF and UHF bands. This report discusses these studies in three chapters. In Chapter 1, general patterns of scintillation occurrence and intensity are presented in the descriptive model of the F-layer irregularities at high latitudes. This is followed in Chapter 2 by a graphical presentation of the data; that is, observations of the 136 MHz beacon of ATS-3. Chapter 3 organizes the observations into a useful format-the cumulative amplitude probability distribution function-for the engineer. A means of adjusting the observations for frequency dependence is provided.
Author: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bibliographical literature
Languages : en
Pages : 224
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Book Description
This bibliography lists all AFCRL in-house reports, journal articles, and contractor reports from 1 January top 31 March 1973.
Author: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geophysics
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental geology
Languages : en
Pages : 292
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Book Description
Author: H. E. Whitney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (U.S.)
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The characterization of ionosphere scintillations in terms of scintillation index is discussed. Scintillation index cannot be directly applied to the design of systems that use transionospheric propagation. The relationships of scintillation index to system design parameters, cumulative amplitude distributions, and fade levels, are shown. The determination of a spectral index is explained and its use for extrapolating the results of ionosphere scintillation measurements to a desired frequency is shown.
Author: Jules Aarons
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ionosphere
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
Author: Y.T. Lo
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 146156459X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 2282
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Book Description
Techniques based on the method of modal expansions, the Rayleigh-Stevenson expansion in inverse powers of the wavelength, and also the method of moments solution of integral equations are essentially restricted to the analysis of electromagnetic radiating structures which are small in terms of the wavelength. It therefore becomes necessary to employ approximations based on "high-frequency techniques" for performing an efficient analysis of electromagnetic radiating systems that are large in terms of the wavelength. One of the most versatile and useful high-frequency techniques is the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD), which was developed around 1951 by J. B. Keller [1,2,3]. A class of diffracted rays are introduced systematically in the GTD via a generalization of the concepts of classical geometrical optics (GO). According to the GTD these diffracted rays exist in addition to the usual incident, reflected, and transmitted rays of GO. The diffracted rays in the GTD originate from certain "localized" regions on the surface of a radiating structure, such as at discontinuities in the geometrical and electrical properties of a surface, and at points of grazing incidence on a smooth convex surface as illustrated in Fig. 1. In particular, the diffracted rays can enter into the GO shadow as well as the lit regions. Consequently, the diffracted rays entirely account for the fields in the shadow region where the GO rays cannot exist.
Author: Robert D. Hunsucker
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642762573
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 302
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Book Description
In the years since the pioneering efforts of Sir Edward Appleton, M. A. F. Barnett, G. Breit, and M. A. Thve, many radio techniques have been employed to investigate the terrestrial ionosphere. The purposes of this book are to exam ine the basic physical interaction process of radio waves with the ionosphere, scrutinize each of the radio techniques currently in use, and describe the elements of each technique, as well as assess their capabilities and limitations. I have included some of the history of each technique, since we often tend to forget the efforts of the "pioneers". The interaction of radio waves with the terrestrial ionosphere has been described in considerable detail in several "classic" treatments, e.g., Ratcliffe (1959), Al'pert (1963), Budden (1961) and Davies (1965), Rishbeth and e.g., Flock (1979), Davies Garriott (1969), and in other more recent books, (1990), Hargreaves (1979), and Budden (1985). A few of the radio techniques have been described by Hargreaves (1979) and a book by Giraud and Petit (1978) has also included discussion of several of the techniques. The "WITS" handbook No. 2 (1989) also contains description of several radio techniques.
Author: Walter Dieminger
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642787177
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1023
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Book Description
Especially due to the increasing environmental problems there is a need to collect as many data as possible in the upper atmosphere. This book serves as a general multidisciplinary guide and introduction for a more effective use of the large amount of now available data from the Earth's atmosphere. It also shows the problems of the use of large amounts of time series data - for basic science as well as for environmental monitoring - and the related information systems. The book is aimed for scientists and students interested in the Earth's atmosphere which is vital for the understanding of environmental changes in the global system Earth.
