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Author: Gilbert Spiegel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Gilbert Spiegel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Ali Saadatnia
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788449056512
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Esta tesis se centra en la dinámica de la firma y el comercio internacional, y la relación entre ellos. Hay gran número de documentos que ya se han reportado aumentos de la productividad del comercio o de papel de la productividad internacional en la selección y el crecimiento de la empresa. Todos ellos tratan de responder a las siguientes preguntas conocidas: "¿La productividad determinan la selección y el crecimiento de las empresas?"; Aquí, podemos agregar algunas otras preguntas: ¿Cuál es el efecto del comercio en empresas de alta tecnología y de baja tecnología? ¿Tiene la inversión en actividades de innovación tiene ningún efecto sobre la productividad? El punto es que en la mayor de las obras anteriores, el efecto del comercio sobre la productividad y la demanda ha sido desigual. Si el uso de los resultados anteriores misdirects dinámica de firmes o efecto del comercio sobre la productividad de las empresas, puede haber algunas cosas que pueden ser dirigidas por una mejor medida de la productividad y el acceso a la ESEE. El primer capítulo, aborda la estimación de la productividad a nivel de empresa y la relación entre la productividad y el valor del producto con el rendimiento de las empresas. La productividad de la empresa se descompone al componente técnico y el componente de valor del producto. Nos encontramos con que el componente de valor del producto es significativamente importante como perturbaciones a la PTF en los resultados empresariales y la rotación, sin embargo, el grado de respuesta a la producción y los precios es más largo y más grande para perturbaciones a la PTF. Nuestros resultados muestran que tanto los exportadores y las empresas multinacionales tienen valores de productividad y de productos superiores. El papel del valor del producto es, sin embargo, más importante que el acceso a los mercados extranjeros. Usando STF físicas y de ingresos para evaluar la apertura comercial sobre el desempeño de las empresas muestra que la literatura previa exagera el papel del comercio en la productividad de las empresas, y distorsiona su efecto sobre la demanda. En este capítulo también se investiga el efecto de los gastos en I + D en la productividad a nivel de empresa, y el vínculo entre las actividades de innovación en firme y la productividad. Los resultados muestran que las empresas que invierten en actividades de I + D tienen una productividad más alta en comparación con otras empresas y empresas con eficiencia técnica bajo o alto valor del producto son más propensos a emprender la innovación de productos. En el último capítulo de la tesis, un modelo de equilibrio general de dos países se estudia que aborda conjuntamente la decisión de las empresas heterogéneas para servir a los mercados extranjeros, ya sea a través de las exportaciones o la inversión extranjera directa y sus opciones tecnológicas. En equilibrio, solamente las empresas más productivas optan por servir en los mercados extranjeros y las empresas más productivas elegirán además a actualizar su tecnología. Por último, las empresas de propiedad extranjera con tecnología de bajo nivel de salida del mercado más que los que la adopción de la alta tecnología. ESEE se emplea para verificar el efecto de la apertura sobre la productividad a nivel de empresa. Los resultados muestran que la reducción de aranceles, en promedio, disminuye la IED de baja tecnología en un 4% a 6%, pero no hay ningún efecto significativo en la alta tecnología las empresas de propiedad extranjera 1990-2009.
Author: Pau Salvador Pujolàs i Fons
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788449038488
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 113
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Author: Cristiana Benedetti Fasil
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business enterprises
Languages : en
Pages : 96
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Recent empirical firm level studies reveal the structural heterogeneity of firms in process and product innovation, as well as the central role of product quality in determining world trade patterns and intensities. This calls for a better understanding of the link between firm heterogeneity and the innovation and export decisions of firms which are at the base of productivity growth and, hence, economic growth and development. My dissertation contributes to this debate focusing on the supply side. I propose a novel way to model the production technology of firms by introducing two attributes of firm heterogeneity: cost efficiency and product quality. The goal of the first thesis chapter is to study the effects of process and product innovation on firm dynamics, productivity and endogenous long run growth. In the second chapter an open economy framework with trade between symmetric countries is analyzed. Here the focus is on quantifying the impact of trade as well as trade liberalization on firm innovation dynamics and productivity- and aggregate growth. The third chapter abstracts from endogenous growth and examines the role of the two attributes of firm heterogeneity in shaping the trade patterns and intensities within and across developed and developing countries.
Author: Takashi Kamihigashi
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540786767
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 532
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Renowned trade theorist Koji Shimomura passed away in February 2007 at the age of 54. He published nearly 100 articles in international academic journals. The loss of this extremely productive economist has been an enormous shock to the economic profession. This volume has emerged from the great desire on the part of the profession to honor his contributions to economic research. Contributors include authoritative figures in trade theory such as Murray Kemp, Ronald Jones, Henry Wan, and Wilfred Ethier, world-renowned macroeconomists such as Stephen Turnovski and Costas Azariadis, and leading Japanese economists such as Kazuo Nishimura, Makoto Yano, Ryuzo Sato, and Koichi Hamada. This broad range of contributors reflects Koji Shimomura’s many connections as well as the respect he earned in the economic profession. This volume offers the reader a rare opportunity to learn the views of so many renowned economists from different schools of thought.
Author: Luca David Opromolla
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chile
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321035971
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 77
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This thesis offers a unified framework to analyze both short- and long-run trade dynamics in a consistent manner. It explains "the international elasticity puzzle", a low trade elasticity against temporary shocks and a high trade elasticity against permanent shocks, studied in Ruhl (2008). The model in this paper extends the idea of export sunk costs and uncertainty to more general productivity shock processes by embedding the classical theory of "export hysteresis" into a continuous-time trade model with heterogeneous firms, and considers the effects of both aggregate and idiosyncratic productivity shocks. A sharp analytical characterization of the equilibrium elucidates the microfoundations of trade dynamics linking a static trade model with heterogeneous firms and an international macroeconomic model. Due to the sunk costs and uncertainty, firms do not change their export status against small temporary shocks. Aggregate productivity shocks and export sunk costs explain the elasticity puzzle because of the different adjustments on the extensive margin. If the productivity shocks are idiosyncratic, the economy is in a steady state, with individual firms moving around within a stationary distribution of productivities. Export hysteresis gives rise to a region of firm productivity where both exporters and non-exporters coexist given the same current productivity. The full model incorporates both types of shocks and offers realistic microfoundations of trade dynamics including simultaneous export entry and exit, an evolving productivity density of exporters, and the sluggish trade response to aggregate shocks. The model can be applied to various other settings where both aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks affect heterogeneous agents' dynamic problems.
Author: A. D. Woodland
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Important issues in economic theory and international trade are addressed in this volume with contributions from internationally renowned researchers. The book begins with an examination of classical trade theory and welfare economics. It goes on to discuss international trade policy, includiong international trade agreements, taxation, tariffs and quotas. Attention then turmns to the role of market structure in joint ventures, innovation, tariff policy and political economy. The final section is devoted to economic dynamics and international economics, with an emphasis on learning mechanisms, sustainable growth and immigration.
Author: Bernardo Diaz De Astarloa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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This dissertation consists on three essays on international trade and industry dynamics. All three essays study empirical applications of open economy environments with heterogeneous firms who make decisions over time.The first essay studies trade policy and the dynamics of the solar photovoltaic manufacturing industry in the U.S. In it I develop a computable, continuous-time dynamic model of the industry where domestic firms engage in price competition against each other and an importing sector to sell solar panels to domestic consumers. Firms can attain cost reductions through learning by doing and R&D investments. I use the model to estimate its main parameters using firm-level survey data from the Department of Energy and then simulate the application of countervailing duties to imports of solar panels, analyzing the implications for the evolution of the industry and welfare. In a scenario where a 30% duty is applied to imports, domestic firms respond by increasing R&D expenditures, therefore increasing productivity and setting lower prices, even when concentration increases as high productivity domestic firms gain market share.The second essay is on the dynamics of the textiles and garments industry in Bangladesh. First, it shows that, in contrast to the standard description of entry into foreign markets, Bangladeshi exporters are fully committed to foreign markets, exporting most of their output abroad; they start big, not small, and show high survival rates once they start exporting. They are born to export firms who operate in orphan industries, with essentially missing domestic demand for their products. In addition to the usual fixed and sunk costs of exporting, they must face presumably higher costs of starting up new businesses. Then it compares these patterns with those of China, Colombia and Taiwan, and find similar but less-striking patterns for China. These features seem to be missing in Taiwan and Colombia, which accord with other typical cases described in the literature. Finally, it adapts a search and learning model of export dynamics to show how the presence of high sunk costs of establishing a new business and the absence of a domestic market can generate export trajectories similar to the ones we observe in Bangladesh. The third essay focuses on the links between productivity and exporting. The trade literature has identified three relationships. First, that productivity causes exporting, so that there is selection into exporting by more productive firms. Second, that exporting generates productivity growth through, for example, learning-by-exporting. Third, that firms make choices that make them more productive in preparation to export. The essay shows that patterns of Chinese exporters are consistent with all three hypotheses. Exporters are more productive than non-exporters, which is consistent with selection. For successful exporters, most of the productivity growth during the period occurred after entering export markets, rather than before. For unsuccessful exporters, on the other hand, this pattern is reversed. Average annual productivity growth, however, is higher prior to entry for both groups. Finally, new exporters increase sales expenditures and earn higher revenue from new products than other firms before they start exporting. This is true when compared to both non-exporters and continuous exporters.
Author: Wilfred J. Ethier
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521558525
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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This book presents a representative collection of papers on international trade, one of the most dynamic sub-fields in economics. The contributions range over all the major areas of research, including articles on the geographical aspects of international trade by Paul Krugman and Alan Deardorff, on dynamic stochastic economies by Avinash Dixit, and on endogenous growth by Gene Grossman and Elhanan Helpman. In addition to the theoretical contributions, the book also contains work on important policy issues such as auction quotas, discussed by Kala Krishna, and the role of government in economic development, by Anne Krueger. Also included is an assessment by Bill Ethier of the theoretical achievements of a leading authority in international trade theory, Ronald Jones, in whose honour the essays were written.
