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Author: Lisa Olive
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Recent evidence suggests that cardiovascular disease (CVD) may be impacted by psychological distress, and specifically the experience of stress and depression. The evidence has been most clearly established in adults and, for the most part, limited to brief point-in-time measures of distress. With increasing recognition that early signs of psychosocial stress and depression, as well as the processes leading to CVD may begin to emerge in childhood, the question then presents itself as to whether psychological distress, experienced earlier in the life course, influences early pathogenesis for CVD. The current research sought to determine whether symptoms of psychosocial stress and depression, experienced earlier in the life course, negatively influenced a set of established behavioural and metabolic risk factors and prognostic markers for CVD. Investigations in this thesis were conceptualised within a life course framework, but with an emphasis on the paediatric stage of development. Therefore, relationships between psychological constructs and CVD risk factors and risk markers were investigated as they were likely to present in this younger age group; beginning with primordial risk factors - risk factors that may underlie conditions leading to CVD rather than to causation directly, followed by intermediary markers - those considered to be prognostically significant of later CVD. Initially, two clusters of primordial risk factors were investigated in two separate studies. Firstly, the impact of psychosocial stress and depressive symptoms on a set of behavioural risk factors, namely physical inactivity and cardiorespiratory fitness were investigated. Findings from this study indicated that a change in depressive symptoms within a child had a direct impact on their cardiorespiratory fitness and that children identified with more symptoms of stress and depression were more likely to be less physical activity and less fit. In the second study, investigations examining the influence of psychosocial stress and depressive symptoms on a set of metabolic primordial risk factors, namely percent body fat and insulin resistance, revealed a dose-response relationship between insulin resistance and depressive symptoms, whereby boys with higher levels of insulin resistance also reported more symptoms of depression, and a direct (longitudinal) effect indicating that boys who increased in depressive symptoms also became fatter. In Study 3 and Study 4, investigations were extended to include a set of intermediary risk makers of CVD, those considered to be prognostically significant of later CVD. The effect of psychosocial stress and depressive symptoms on arterial stiffness and blood pressure were investigated in study 3; and on endothelial function in study 4. Findings from these studies demonstrated that children who became more depressed also had increases in diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure; and that those becoming more stressed had a reduction in pulse pressure; but thus far did not uncover a direct effect of psychosocial stress or depression on arterial stiffness or endothelial function in our cohort. Overall, this thesis builds a case for the impact of psychosocial stress and depressive symptomology on CVD risk among growing children. The implications for these findings in terms of intervention and further research are discussed.
Author: Lisa Olive
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Recent evidence suggests that cardiovascular disease (CVD) may be impacted by psychological distress, and specifically the experience of stress and depression. The evidence has been most clearly established in adults and, for the most part, limited to brief point-in-time measures of distress. With increasing recognition that early signs of psychosocial stress and depression, as well as the processes leading to CVD may begin to emerge in childhood, the question then presents itself as to whether psychological distress, experienced earlier in the life course, influences early pathogenesis for CVD. The current research sought to determine whether symptoms of psychosocial stress and depression, experienced earlier in the life course, negatively influenced a set of established behavioural and metabolic risk factors and prognostic markers for CVD. Investigations in this thesis were conceptualised within a life course framework, but with an emphasis on the paediatric stage of development. Therefore, relationships between psychological constructs and CVD risk factors and risk markers were investigated as they were likely to present in this younger age group; beginning with primordial risk factors - risk factors that may underlie conditions leading to CVD rather than to causation directly, followed by intermediary markers - those considered to be prognostically significant of later CVD. Initially, two clusters of primordial risk factors were investigated in two separate studies. Firstly, the impact of psychosocial stress and depressive symptoms on a set of behavioural risk factors, namely physical inactivity and cardiorespiratory fitness were investigated. Findings from this study indicated that a change in depressive symptoms within a child had a direct impact on their cardiorespiratory fitness and that children identified with more symptoms of stress and depression were more likely to be less physical activity and less fit. In the second study, investigations examining the influence of psychosocial stress and depressive symptoms on a set of metabolic primordial risk factors, namely percent body fat and insulin resistance, revealed a dose-response relationship between insulin resistance and depressive symptoms, whereby boys with higher levels of insulin resistance also reported more symptoms of depression, and a direct (longitudinal) effect indicating that boys who increased in depressive symptoms also became fatter. In Study 3 and Study 4, investigations were extended to include a set of intermediary risk makers of CVD, those considered to be prognostically significant of later CVD. The effect of psychosocial stress and depressive symptoms on arterial stiffness and blood pressure were investigated in study 3; and on endothelial function in study 4. Findings from these studies demonstrated that children who became more depressed also had increases in diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure; and that those becoming more stressed had a reduction in pulse pressure; but thus far did not uncover a direct effect of psychosocial stress or depression on arterial stiffness or endothelial function in our cohort. Overall, this thesis builds a case for the impact of psychosocial stress and depressive symptomology on CVD risk among growing children. The implications for these findings in terms of intervention and further research are discussed.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309121787
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 488
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Book Description
Depression is a widespread condition affecting approximately 7.5 million parents in the U.S. each year and may be putting at least 15 million children at risk for adverse health outcomes. Based on evidentiary studies, major depression in either parent can interfere with parenting quality and increase the risk of children developing mental, behavioral and social problems. Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children highlights disparities in the prevalence, identification, treatment, and prevention of parental depression among different sociodemographic populations. It also outlines strategies for effective intervention and identifies the need for a more interdisciplinary approach that takes biological, psychological, behavioral, interpersonal, and social contexts into consideration. A major challenge to the effective management of parental depression is developing a treatment and prevention strategy that can be introduced within a two-generation framework, conducive for parents and their children. Thus far, both the federal and state response to the problem has been fragmented, poorly funded, and lacking proper oversight. This study examines options for widespread implementation of best practices as well as strategies that can be effective in diverse service settings for diverse populations of children and their families. The delivery of adequate screening and successful detection and treatment of a depressive illness and prevention of its effects on parenting and the health of children is a formidable challenge to modern health care systems. This study offers seven solid recommendations designed to increase awareness about and remove barriers to care for both the depressed adult and prevention of effects in the child. The report will be of particular interest to federal health officers, mental and behavioral health providers in diverse parts of health care delivery systems, health policy staff, state legislators, and the general public.
Author: Katherine J. Aitchison
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9781853174353
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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Book Description
The new edition of this popular handbook has been thoroughly updated to include the latest data concerning treatment of first-episode patients. Drawing from their experience, the authors discuss the presentation and assessment of the first psychotic episode and review the appropriate use of antipsychotic agents and psychosocial approaches in effective management.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030944070X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 362
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Book Description
Bullying has long been tolerated as a rite of passage among children and adolescents. There is an implication that individuals who are bullied must have "asked for" this type of treatment, or deserved it. Sometimes, even the child who is bullied begins to internalize this idea. For many years, there has been a general acceptance and collective shrug when it comes to a child or adolescent with greater social capital or power pushing around a child perceived as subordinate. But bullying is not developmentally appropriate; it should not be considered a normal part of the typical social grouping that occurs throughout a child's life. Although bullying behavior endures through generations, the milieu is changing. Historically, bulling has occurred at school, the physical setting in which most of childhood is centered and the primary source for peer group formation. In recent years, however, the physical setting is not the only place bullying is occurring. Technology allows for an entirely new type of digital electronic aggression, cyberbullying, which takes place through chat rooms, instant messaging, social media, and other forms of digital electronic communication. Composition of peer groups, shifting demographics, changing societal norms, and modern technology are contextual factors that must be considered to understand and effectively react to bullying in the United States. Youth are embedded in multiple contexts and each of these contexts interacts with individual characteristics of youth in ways that either exacerbate or attenuate the association between these individual characteristics and bullying perpetration or victimization. Recognizing that bullying behavior is a major public health problem that demands the concerted and coordinated time and attention of parents, educators and school administrators, health care providers, policy makers, families, and others concerned with the care of children, this report evaluates the state of the science on biological and psychosocial consequences of peer victimization and the risk and protective factors that either increase or decrease peer victimization behavior and consequences.
Author: Deborah Young-Hyman
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
ISBN: 1580404391
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 330
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Book Description
Psychosocial Care for People with Diabetes describes the major psychosocial issues which impact living with and self-management of diabetes and its related diseases, and provides treatment recommendations based on proven interventions and expert opinion. The book is comprehensive and provides the practitioner with guidelines to access and prescribe treatment for psychosocial problems commonly associated with living with diabetes.
Author: Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309283140
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 503
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Book Description
Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents.
Author: William R. Lovallo
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 1483378284
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 366
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Book Description
Stress and Health: Biological and Psychological Interactions is a brief and accessible examination of psychological stress and its psychophysiological relationships with cognition, emotions, brain functions, and the peripheral mechanisms by which the body is regulated. Updated throughout, the Third Edition covers two new and significant areas of emerging research: how our early life experiences alter key stress responsive systems at the level of gene expression; and what large, normal, and small stress responses may mean for our overall health and well-being.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309683378
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 93
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Book Description
With rapidly rising rates of mental health disorders, changing patterns of occurrence, and increasing levels of morbidity, the need for a better understanding of the developmental origins and influence of mental health on children’s behavioral health outcomes has become critical. This need for better understanding extends to both the growing prevalence of mental health disorders as well as the role and impact of neurodevelopmental pathways in their onset and expression. Addressing these changes in disease patterns and effects on children and families will require a multifaceted approach that goes beyond simply making changes to clinical care or adding personnel to the health services system. New policies, financing, and implementation can put established best practices and numerous research findings from around the country into action. The Maternal and Child Health Life Course Intervention Research Network and the Forum for Children's Well-Being at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine jointly organized a webinar series to explore how mental health disorders develop over the life course, with a special emphasis on prenatal, early, middle, and later childhood development. This series centered on identifying gaps in our knowledge, exploring possible new strategies for using existing data to enhance understanding of the developmental origins of mental disorders, reviewing potential approaches to prevention and optimization, and proposing new ways of framing how to understand, address, and prevent these disorders from a life course development perspective. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the series.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Child abuse
Languages : en
Pages : 146
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Book Description
The purpose of the child maltreatment uniform definitions and recommended data elements is to present a definition of child maltreatment, its associated terms, and recommended data elements for voluntary use by individuals and organizations in the public health community. The definitions and data elements are intended to promote and improve consistency of child maltreatment surveillance for public health practices. It is designed to be used by state and local health department staff to assist in and provide a framework for the collection of public health surveillance data on child maltreatment. The definitions included in the document draw upon definitions that are currently in use in the literature and were adapted in collaboration with a panel of experts on child maltreatment and public health surveillance. The definitions and data elements are designed be flexible tools for developing an ongoing surveillance system. Agencies that use the document can modify data elements to fit their system. This document is the third in a series of Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements which includes: Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements and Sexual Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements.
Author: Richard Contrada, PhD
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
ISBN: 0826117716
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 672
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Book Description
"[F]or those who are entering the field or who want to broaden their perspective, Ibelieve that this Handbook is indispensible. More than just a contribution to the field, theHandbook may well become a classic."--PsycCRITIQUES "The editors fully achieved their goal of producing a state-of-the-science stress reference for use by investigators, educators, and practitioners with clinical and health interests."--Psycho-Oncology "This is an important book about the scientific study of stress and human adaptation. It brings together both empirical data and theoretical developments that address the fundamental question of how psychosocial variables get inside the body to influence neurobiological processes that culminate in physical disease." From the Foreword by David C. Glass, PhD Emeritus Professor of Psychology Stony Brook University Edited by two leading health psychologists, The Handbook of Stress Science presents a detailed overview of key topics in stress and health psychology. With discussions on how stress influences physical health-including its effects on the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems-the text is a valuable source for health psychologists, as well as researchers in behavioral medicine, neuroscience, genetics, clinical and social psychology, sociology, and public health. This state-of-the-art resource reviews conceptual developments, empirical findings, clinical applications, and investigative strategies and tools from the past few decades of stress research. It represents all major approaches to defining stress and describes the themes and developments that characterize the field of health-related stress research. The five sections of this handbook cover: Current knowledge regarding the major biological structures and systems that are involved in the stress response Social-contextual contributions to stress and to processes of adaptation to stress, including the workplace, socioeconomic status, and social support The concept of cognitive appraisal as it relates to stress and emotion psychological factors influencing stress such as, personality, gender, and adult development The evidence linking stress to health-related behaviors and mental and physical health outcomes Research methods, tools, and strategies, including the principles and techniques of both laboratory experimentation and naturalistic stress research
