Effect of Molybdenum and Copper in Forage on Nitrate Reduction in Ruminants PDF Download
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Author: David Thomas Buchman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Feeds
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Nitrate poisoning of livestock caused by an excessive intake of nitrate from plants or water has been recognized for over 70 years . The symptoms of nitrate poisoning in livestock include rapid, shallow breathing, wobbly gait, decreased milk production, abortion and death. Nitrate is the major nutrient form in which nitrogen is absorbed by plants and in the great majority of cases, it is assimilated so rapidly that its concentration rarely rises above 0.03%. When conditions occur which retard growth of the plant, the nitrate content may rise to 5% or higher on the dry matter basis. Water containing nitrate has also been responsible for poisoning cattle and sheep. The native muck soils of Florida contain high levels of molybdenum and nitrate but very low levels of copper. Molybdenum toxicity of cattle grazing forages grown on these soils has been recognized and its alleviation by supplementation of cattle with copper has been established. Feed-lot trials with young dairy bull calves fed levels of molybdenum as high as 100 and 200 ppm mixed in their rations for 22 weeks had no ill effects. This indicated that molybdenum toxicity was more complex than was generally recognized. Nitrate reductase contains molybdenum, and copper has a similar relation to nitrite reductase. With high concentrations of nitrate in the forages grown on the muck soils of Florida, the rate of nitrate reduction to nitrite in the rumen may be related to the concentration of molybdenum present. The nitrite may accumulate due to lack of copper and thereby increase the hazard of a moderate concentration of nitrate. The nitrite, upon absorption into the blood, may have contributed to the molybdenosis symptoms reported in cattle on these muck soils by oxidizing the iron of hemoglobin to the ferric state forming methemoglobin. The purpose of the present study was to determine if different levels of molybdenum and copper were practical factors in the rate at which nitrate in forage is reduced in the rumen of cattle and sheep. Cattle and sheep were fed forages especially grown to contain high nitrate and varying levels of molybdenum and copper. The reduction of nitrate with varying concentrations of molybdenum and copper was also studied in vitro.
Author: David Thomas Buchman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Feeds
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
Nitrate poisoning of livestock caused by an excessive intake of nitrate from plants or water has been recognized for over 70 years . The symptoms of nitrate poisoning in livestock include rapid, shallow breathing, wobbly gait, decreased milk production, abortion and death. Nitrate is the major nutrient form in which nitrogen is absorbed by plants and in the great majority of cases, it is assimilated so rapidly that its concentration rarely rises above 0.03%. When conditions occur which retard growth of the plant, the nitrate content may rise to 5% or higher on the dry matter basis. Water containing nitrate has also been responsible for poisoning cattle and sheep. The native muck soils of Florida contain high levels of molybdenum and nitrate but very low levels of copper. Molybdenum toxicity of cattle grazing forages grown on these soils has been recognized and its alleviation by supplementation of cattle with copper has been established. Feed-lot trials with young dairy bull calves fed levels of molybdenum as high as 100 and 200 ppm mixed in their rations for 22 weeks had no ill effects. This indicated that molybdenum toxicity was more complex than was generally recognized. Nitrate reductase contains molybdenum, and copper has a similar relation to nitrite reductase. With high concentrations of nitrate in the forages grown on the muck soils of Florida, the rate of nitrate reduction to nitrite in the rumen may be related to the concentration of molybdenum present. The nitrite may accumulate due to lack of copper and thereby increase the hazard of a moderate concentration of nitrate. The nitrite, upon absorption into the blood, may have contributed to the molybdenosis symptoms reported in cattle on these muck soils by oxidizing the iron of hemoglobin to the ferric state forming methemoglobin. The purpose of the present study was to determine if different levels of molybdenum and copper were practical factors in the rate at which nitrate in forage is reduced in the rumen of cattle and sheep. Cattle and sheep were fed forages especially grown to contain high nitrate and varying levels of molybdenum and copper. The reduction of nitrate with varying concentrations of molybdenum and copper was also studied in vitro.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural pests
Languages : en
Pages : 988
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Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080925790
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 373
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Book Description
This comprehensive volume examines the interrelationships of nitrogen and energy nutrition of ruminants. It provides exhaustive coverage of basic concepts, applications, and new research developments.Rumen microbial activity is emphasized. The author, an expert in animal nutrition, discusses new systems of determining dietary energy requirements, the effect of processing feedstuffs, and stress factors. He reviews the availability of nutrients in grains, distillers' grain residues, oilseed meals, molasses, silages, pastures, crop residues, and aquatic plants. Growth stimulants, nutritional management of ruminants in feedlots and pastures, and the value of feed additives are also among the topics considered.The scope of coverage provided by this volume will make it the leading reference for teachers, researchers, consultants, livestock producers, feed manufacturers, and all others who are involved in ruminant feeding and nutrition.From the Preface: This volume covers research on various nitrogen and energy feedstuffs and defines terminology commonly utilized in nitrogen and energy nutrition. The utilization of nitrogen and energy in oilseed meals, fish meals, cereal grains, distillers' residues, molasses, silages, grasses, hays, crop residues, animal waste, and nonprotein nitrogen sources is discussed. Details are given on development and utilization of net energy systems, systems for balancing total nitrogen, and nonprotein nitrogen with total digestible nutrients (TDN) or energy components of ruminant diets. Discussions are presented on metabolism, feedlot, milking, and grazing trials. Growth stimulants, processing of feedstuffs, type of animal, and environmental and management factors that affect feed intake, growth, feed efficiency, and quality of product are reviewed.Emphasis is given to the contributions of ruminal microbes in upgrading forage and nonprotein nitrogen sources to higher-quality bacterial protein, as well as their ability to downgrade high-quality protein and waste nitrogen when protein is fed in excess of microbial needs. Research is presented on means to increase bypassing of the rumen to prevent nitrogen wastage when ruminants are fed concentrate diets. Contributions of ruminal microbes in utilizing cellulosic materials as lignocellulose and hemicellulose as well as starch and other carbohydrates are discussed.
Author: Walter Mertz
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080924689
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 493
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Book Description
The major change in the format of the fifth edition is the presentation of the book in two volumes, necessitated by the rapidly increasing knowledge of metabolism, interactions, and requirements of trace elements. The guiding principle was to present the minimum of results that would serve as a logical foundation for the description of the present state of knowledge.
Author: Kenneth J. Moore
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119436621
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 963
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Book Description
Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture, 7th Edition, Volume II will extensively evaluate the current knowledge and information on forage agriculture. Chapters written by leading researchers and authorities in grassland agriculture are aggregated under section themes, each one representing a major topic within grassland science and agriculture. This 7th edition will include two new additional chapters covering all aspects of forage physiology in three separate chapters, instead of one in previous editions. Chapters will be updated throughout to include new information that has developed since the last edition. This new edition of the classic reference serves as a comprehensive supplement to An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture, Volume I.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 868
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Author: Paul Owen Kresge
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Minerals in animal nutrition
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
Copper deficiency and Mo-induced Cu deficiency are nutrition problems of ruminant livestock in the Burns and Klamath Falls area of Oregon. Chemical analysis of plant and soil samples was used to survey Cu and Mo levels in forage in these areas. The objectives were to assess the possibility of animal nutrition problems and to study the relationship between forage levels of Cu and Mo and plant species, stage of plant maturity, time of growing season, management factors, and soil characteristics. A total of approximately 400 plant samples was collected during the 1972 grazing season. The samples from Burns were taken from an alfalfa maturity experiment, improved pastures, native meadows, and a forage nursery. The legumes sampled were alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Ladino clover (Trifolium repens), and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia). Grasses sampled were Fawn tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Manchar brome (Bromus inermis), Greenar and Oahe intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium), wildrye (Elymus triticoides), Rush (Juncus sp.), and Sedge (Carex sp.). The Klamath samples were from an Alta tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)-quack-grass (Agropyron repens) comparison and from 13 sites on a variety of pastures throughout the area. In addition to alfalfa, clover, sedge, rush, Alta fescue and quackgrass, the species sampled were Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), and meadow foxtail (Alopecuris pratensis). Most of the sites were clipped periodically to simulate grazing and were sampled at two week intervals from May through August. Plant analysis was valuable for indicating the type of livestock nutrition problem encountered in a particular area. The Burns forage contained high levels of Mo and a Mo-induced Cu deficiency is probable. The survey in the Klamath area identified two sites on muck soils with potentially toxic Mo levels. Several sites had such low Cu levels that uncomplicated Cu deficiency may be a problem in livestock. A wide range of values was encountered and forage analysis would be valuable for identifying problems on a local basis. Large differences were found in Cu and Mo levels between plant species. Legumes contained much higher levels of Cu and Mo than did grasses. Changes in maturity, or clipping interval, had different effects on Cu and Mo content for grasses and legumes. Alfalfa was found to decrease in Cu and Mo content with increased maturity. However, legumes in pastures maintained relatively constant levels through the grazing season. Many grasses were found to decrease markedly in Cu levels, and some to increase in Mo levels as the season progressed. This may result in a reduction in the Cu/Mo ratio through the season. Forage analysis was shown to be a valuable technique for identifying potential Cu and Mo livestock nutrition problems and for investigating environmental and management factors which may regulate Cu and Mo levels in forage plants.
Author: Allen V. Barker
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420014870
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 662
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Book Description
The burgeoning demand on the world food supply, coupled with concern over the use of chemical fertilizers, has led to an accelerated interest in the practice of precision agriculture. This practice involves the careful control and monitoring of plant nutrition to maximize the rate of growth and yield of crops, as well as their nutritional value.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Erosion
Languages : en
Pages : 896
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 1732
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