Ecological and Genetic Barriers Differentiate Natural Populations of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae PDF Download
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 11
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Book Description
How populations that inhabit the same geographical area become genetically differentiated is not clear. To investigate this, we characterized phenotypic and genetic differences between two populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that in some cases inhabit the same environment but show relatively little gene flow. We profiled stress sensitivity in a group of vineyard isolates and a group of oak-soil strains and found several niche-related phenotypes that distinguish the populations. We performed bulk-segregant mapping on two of the distinguishing traits: The vineyard-specific ability to grow in grape juice and oak-specific tolerance to the cell wall damaging drug Congo red. To implicate causal genes, we also performed a chemical genomic screen in the lab-strain deletion collection and identified many important genes that fell under quantitative trait loci peaks. One gene important for growth in grape juice and identified by both the mapping and the screen was SSU1, a sulfite-nitrite pump implicated in wine fermentations. The beneficial allele is generated by a known translocation that we reasoned may also serve as a genetic barrier. We found that the translocation is prevalent in vineyard strains, but absent in oak strains, and presents a postzygotic barrier to spore viability. Furthermore, the translocation was associated with a fitness cost to the rapid growth rate seen in oak-soil strains. Lastly, our results reveal the translocation as a dual-function locus that enforces ecological differentiation while producing a genetic barrier to gene flow in these sympatric populations.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 11
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Book Description
How populations that inhabit the same geographical area become genetically differentiated is not clear. To investigate this, we characterized phenotypic and genetic differences between two populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that in some cases inhabit the same environment but show relatively little gene flow. We profiled stress sensitivity in a group of vineyard isolates and a group of oak-soil strains and found several niche-related phenotypes that distinguish the populations. We performed bulk-segregant mapping on two of the distinguishing traits: The vineyard-specific ability to grow in grape juice and oak-specific tolerance to the cell wall damaging drug Congo red. To implicate causal genes, we also performed a chemical genomic screen in the lab-strain deletion collection and identified many important genes that fell under quantitative trait loci peaks. One gene important for growth in grape juice and identified by both the mapping and the screen was SSU1, a sulfite-nitrite pump implicated in wine fermentations. The beneficial allele is generated by a known translocation that we reasoned may also serve as a genetic barrier. We found that the translocation is prevalent in vineyard strains, but absent in oak strains, and presents a postzygotic barrier to spore viability. Furthermore, the translocation was associated with a fitness cost to the rapid growth rate seen in oak-soil strains. Lastly, our results reveal the translocation as a dual-function locus that enforces ecological differentiation while producing a genetic barrier to gene flow in these sympatric populations.
Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Understanding the forces that shape population differentiation within a species is an area of active study. The work reported in this thesis characterizes the forces behind population differentiation of oak-tree and vineyard populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These two populations come from very different niches, but they can sometimes be found in very close proximity to each other. We examined the role of ecological and genetic barriers in restricting gene flow between these sometimes-sympatric populations. We found that differences in tolerance to a variety of ecologically relevant stresses distinguish these two populations. These ecological barriers are likely key to restricting gene flow, and we find that a translocation created a dual-trait locus involved in both differential adaptation to environmental niche and partial post-zygotic reproductive isolation. Given that ecological barriers are likely key forces driving population differentiation in these two populations, we wondered what would happen in an environment that combines features of these two niches into one environment. We isolated S. cerevisiae from a cherry orchard in Northern Wisconsin, which serves as an environment that combines the high osmotic stress of the vineyard niche with the frequent freezing and thawing cycles experienced by many oak-soil strains that have been isolated from North America. We isolated unique strains that appear to be hybrids of the oak and vineyard lineages. However, they do show signs adaptation to their environmental niche. This work exemplifies the importance of ecological niche in determining the population dynamics of S. cerevisiae.
Author: Katie Elizabeth Hyma
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 209
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Traditionally, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been associated with wine, beer and bread production, yet wild strains have also been isolated from natural habitats. While all strains of S. cerevisiae as well as other Saccharomyces species are capable of wine fermentation, a genetically distinct group of S. cerevisiae strains is primarily used to produce wine. These strains exhibit an apparent genetic bottleneck, which led to the hypothesis that wine stains have been domesticated from 'wild' natural strains. However, it is unknown whether the genetic bottleneck was accompanied by selection for phenotypic differences. In this study we tested for phenotypes correlated with the genetic bottleneck observed for wine strains. First, growth and fitness parameters (e.g. growth rate) of yeast strains were evaluated on different media types that simulated winemaking and natural habitats. Results provided no evidence that 'wine' or 'wild' strains have greater fitness in their respective environments, and suggest that the putative domestication has not resulted in habitat specific growth adaptation. Second, we tested for phenotypes associated with human perception of wine aroma and flavor characteristics using discriminatory and descriptive sensory analysis. The results from this study established human perception as a selectable yeast phenotype, and demonstrated that divergence in wine aroma and flavor attributes is consistent with the domestication hypothesis. The isolates used to infer domestication are geographically broad, but ecologically undersampled. We tested the relevance of global population genetic patterns in S. cerevisiae by conducting a population genetic study of S. cerevisiae isolated from vineyard and non-vineyard locations in North America. We used genome-wide single nucleotide markers to determine if the domestication hypothesis is supported at a local scale. Results demonstrate that two distinct populations of S. cerevisiae exist in North America, corresponding to European 'wine' and North American 'wild' genotypes. We provide evidence for genetic exchange between populations, suggesting a lack of physical or temporal barriers to gene flow. While wine strains exhibit a population genetic pattern consistent with previous studies, we find that the wild population is dominated by a few clonal genotypes, identifying new questions regarding the domestication hypothesis and the genetic structure of other wild populations.
Author: Francisco A. Cubillos
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889667278
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Author: Christian R. Landry
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400773471
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 358
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Book Description
Researchers in the field of ecological genomics aim to determine how a genome or a population of genomes interacts with its environment across ecological and evolutionary timescales. Ecological genomics is trans-disciplinary by nature. Ecologists have turned to genomics to be able to elucidate the mechanistic bases of the biodiversity their research tries to understand. Genomicists have turned to ecology in order to better explain the functional cellular and molecular variation they observed in their model organisms. We provide an advanced-level book that covers this recent research and proposes future development for this field. A synthesis of the field of ecological genomics emerges from this volume. Ecological Genomics covers a wide array of organisms (microbes, plants and animals) in order to be able to identify central concepts that motivate and derive from recent investigations in different branches of the tree of life. Ecological Genomics covers 3 fields of research that have most benefited from the recent technological and conceptual developments in the field of ecological genomics: the study of life-history evolution and its impact of genome architectures; the study of the genomic bases of phenotypic plasticity and the study of the genomic bases of adaptation and speciation.
Author: Pietro Buzzini
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319615750
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 299
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Book Description
This book presents an up-to-date review of the ecology of yeast communities in natural ecosystems. It focuses on their biological interactions, including mutualism, parasitism, commensalism and antagonistic interactions, and is closely connected with the volume Yeasts in Natural Ecosystems: Diversity by the same editors. Yeasts are the smallest eukaryotic organisms successfully growing under a wide range of environmental conditions. They constantly modify the environment through their own metabolic activities. Although yeasts are among the earlier colonizers of nutrient-rich substrates, their role in ecosystem processes is not limited to the consumption and transformation of simple sugars. They also engage in close relationships with animals, plants and other fungi in the environment as mutualists, competitors, parasites and pathogens. This book reviews the diversity of biological interactions and roles of yeasts in ecosystems and summarises recent concepts and tools developed in community ecology. All of the chapters were written by leading international yeast research experts, and will appeal to researchers and advanced students in the field of microbial ecology.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309166152
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 254
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Book Description
Assists policymakers in evaluating the appropriate scientific methods for detecting unintended changes in food and assessing the potential for adverse health effects from genetically modified products. In this book, the committee recommended that greater scrutiny should be given to foods containing new compounds or unusual amounts of naturally occurring substances, regardless of the method used to create them. The book offers a framework to guide federal agencies in selecting the route of safety assessment. It identifies and recommends several pre- and post-market approaches to guide the assessment of unintended compositional changes that could result from genetically modified foods and research avenues to fill the knowledge gaps.
Author: Carl A. Batt
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0123847338
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 3243
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Book Description
Written by the world's leading scientists and spanning over 400 articles in three volumes, the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Second Edition is a complete, highly structured guide to current knowledge in the field. Fully revised and updated, this encyclopedia reflects the key advances in the field since the first edition was published in 1999 The articles in this key work, heavily illustrated and fully revised since the first edition in 1999, highlight advances in areas such as genomics and food safety to bring users up-to-date on microorganisms in foods. Topics such as DNA sequencing and E. coli are particularly well covered. With lists of further reading to help users explore topics in depth, this resource will enrich scientists at every level in academia and industry, providing fundamental information as well as explaining state-of-the-art scientific discoveries. This book is designed to allow disparate approaches (from farmers to processors to food handlers and consumers) and interests to access accurate and objective information about the microbiology of foods Microbiology impacts the safe presentation of food. From harvest and storage to determination of shelf-life, to presentation and consumption. This work highlights the risks of microbial contamination and is an invaluable go-to guide for anyone working in Food Health and Safety Has a two-fold industry appeal (1) those developing new functional food products and (2) to all corporations concerned about the potential hazards of microbes in their food products
Author: William S. Allison
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Active oxygen
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309437873
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 231
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Book Description
Research on gene drive systems is rapidly advancing. Many proposed applications of gene drive research aim to solve environmental and public health challenges, including the reduction of poverty and the burden of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue, which disproportionately impact low and middle income countries. However, due to their intrinsic qualities of rapid spread and irreversibility, gene drive systems raise many questions with respect to their safety relative to public and environmental health. Because gene drive systems are designed to alter the environments we share in ways that will be hard to anticipate and impossible to completely roll back, questions about the ethics surrounding use of this research are complex and will require very careful exploration. Gene Drives on the Horizon outlines the state of knowledge relative to the science, ethics, public engagement, and risk assessment as they pertain to research directions of gene drive systems and governance of the research process. This report offers principles for responsible practices of gene drive research and related applications for use by investigators, their institutions, the research funders, and regulators.
