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Author: C. Hertzman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780792342076
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 266
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Book Description
This volume presents the procedings of an "Advanced Research Workshop," held under the auspices of the NATO International Scientific Exchange Programme, on the Environmental and Non-environmental Determinants of the East-West Life Expectancy Gap in Europe. The workshop brought together individuals from Eastern and Western Europe and North America who had a common interest in understanding the evolution of the relative declines in life expectancy in Central and Eastern Europe, compared to the West, over the past 30 years. Between 1989 and 1993, I carried out a series of investigations into the effects of environmental pollution on human health in Central and Eastern Europe, at first, under the auspices of the World Bank, and later, under a broader multilateral, multi-agency arrangement known as the "Environment for Europe" Process. These investigations provided unparalleled access to environmental health data from the region, and offered a glimpse of what the contribution of pollution to health status was, and what it was not. At the same time, the Program in Population Health of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR) and the International Centre for Health and Society (ICHS) at University College, London, were embarking upon multi-disciplinary inquiries into the broad determinants of health in modern societies. The work of the CIAR provided a framework for conceptualizing the East-West life expectancy gap and its potential determinants; the work of the ICHS provided specific insights into the relative contributions of these determinants.
Author: C. Hertzman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780792342076
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Get Book Here
Book Description
This volume presents the procedings of an "Advanced Research Workshop," held under the auspices of the NATO International Scientific Exchange Programme, on the Environmental and Non-environmental Determinants of the East-West Life Expectancy Gap in Europe. The workshop brought together individuals from Eastern and Western Europe and North America who had a common interest in understanding the evolution of the relative declines in life expectancy in Central and Eastern Europe, compared to the West, over the past 30 years. Between 1989 and 1993, I carried out a series of investigations into the effects of environmental pollution on human health in Central and Eastern Europe, at first, under the auspices of the World Bank, and later, under a broader multilateral, multi-agency arrangement known as the "Environment for Europe" Process. These investigations provided unparalleled access to environmental health data from the region, and offered a glimpse of what the contribution of pollution to health status was, and what it was not. At the same time, the Program in Population Health of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR) and the International Centre for Health and Society (ICHS) at University College, London, were embarking upon multi-disciplinary inquiries into the broad determinants of health in modern societies. The work of the CIAR provided a framework for conceptualizing the East-West life expectancy gap and its potential determinants; the work of the ICHS provided specific insights into the relative contributions of these determinants.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309157331
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 428
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Book Description
In 1950 men and women in the United States had a combined life expectancy of 68.9 years, the 12th highest life expectancy at birth in the world. Today, life expectancy is up to 79.2 years, yet the country is now 28th on the list, behind the United Kingdom, Korea, Canada, and France, among others. The United States does have higher rates of infant mortality and violent deaths than in other developed countries, but these factors do not fully account for the country's relatively poor ranking in life expectancy. International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources examines patterns in international differences in life expectancy above age 50 and assesses the evidence and arguments that have been advanced to explain the poor position of the United States relative to other countries. The papers in this deeply researched volume identify gaps in measurement, data, theory, and research design and pinpoint areas for future high-priority research in this area. In addition to examining the differences in mortality around the world, the papers in International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages look at health factors and life-style choices commonly believed to contribute to the observed international differences in life expectancy. They also identify strategic opportunities for health-related interventions. This book offers a wide variety of disciplinary and scholarly perspectives to the study of mortality, and it offers in-depth analyses that can serve health professionals, policy makers, statisticians, and researchers.
Author: Mr.Ruben Atoyan
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1498367453
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
This paper analyses the impact of large and persistent emigration from Eastern European countries over the past 25 years on these countries’ growth and income convergence to advanced Europe. While emigration has likely benefited migrants themselves, the receiving countries and the EU as a whole, its impact on sending countries’ economies has been largely negative. The analysis suggests that labor outflows, particularly of skilled workers, lowered productivity growth, pushed up wages, and slowed growth and income convergence. At the same time, while remittance inflows supported financial deepening, consumption and investment in some countries, they also reduced incentives to work and led to exchange rate appreciations, eroding competiveness. The departure of the young also added to the fiscal pressures of already aging populations in Eastern Europe. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for sending countries to mitigate the negative impact of emigration on their economies, and the EU-wide initiatives that could support these efforts.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309217105
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Book Description
During the last 25 years, life expectancy at age 50 in the United States has been rising, but at a slower pace than in many other high-income countries, such as Japan and Australia. This difference is particularly notable given that the United States spends more on health care than any other nation. Concerned about this divergence, the National Institute on Aging asked the National Research Council to examine evidence on its possible causes. According to Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries, the nation's history of heavy smoking is a major reason why lifespans in the United States fall short of those in many other high-income nations. Evidence suggests that current obesity levels play a substantial part as well. The book reports that lack of universal access to health care in the U.S. also has increased mortality and reduced life expectancy, though this is a less significant factor for those over age 65 because of Medicare access. For the main causes of death at older ages-cancer and cardiovascular disease-available indicators do not suggest that the U.S. health care system is failing to prevent deaths that would be averted elsewhere. In fact, cancer detection and survival appear to be better in the U.S. than in most other high-income nations, and survival rates following a heart attack also are favorable. Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries identifies many gaps in research. For instance, while lung cancer deaths are a reliable marker of the damage from smoking, no clear-cut marker exists for obesity, physical inactivity, social integration, or other risks considered in this book. Moreover, evaluation of these risk factors is based on observational studies, which-unlike randomized controlled trials-are subject to many biases.
Author: Owen O'Donnell
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1781905541
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 532
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Book Description
This volume contains methodological and empirical research on the measurement and causes of health inequality from leading experts in health economics and economic inequality. It is essential reading for researchers working on health inequality and provides an immediate reconnaissance of the frontiers for those entering this exciting field.
Author: Philipa Mladovsky
Publisher: WHO Regional Office Europe
ISBN: 9289041900
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 198
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Book Description
Good health can be considered one of the most fundamental resources for social and economic prosperity. While the goal to improve average levels of population health is important, there has been an increasing focus on disparities at national and European levels. Improvements have been seen over the past few decades in both health status and living and working conditions has widened tremendously in the European Union (EU) and will continue to do so as it goes through the enlargement process. The diversity in living conditions has translated into diversity in patterns of health across the region. Inequalities in income, education, housing and employment affect population health, both directly (for example, good housing reduces risks associated with poor health) and indirectly through psychosocial factors (such as stress). From the life course perspective, individuals are affected by different sets of risks related to disease and illness; certain diseases and causes of health are more likely to affect young people, whereas the majority are associated with older ages. Investigating differences in health status within and between European countries provides the focus of this report. The relationship between living conditions, socioeconomic factors and health is discussed and analysed with the objective of stimulating a debate and policy action for creating a healthier and more equitable society. We aim to present an overview of key issues and not comprehensive literature review or exhaustive analysis of the topics involved.
Author:
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 924156475X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 389
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Book Description
This publication presents a comprehensive perspective on the worldwide, regional and country consumption of alcohol, patterns of drinking, health consequences and policy responses in member states. It represents a continuing effort by WHO to support member states with global information in their efforts to reduce the harmful use of alcohol and its health and social consequences.--Publisher's description.
Author: Nicolae Marinescu
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443891797
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 340
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Book Description
This volume investigates the challenges confronted by the European Union (EU) as an international actor deeply influenced by migration. This has been a key phenomenon in recent years and holds great political, economic and social importance for the future of the whole European continent. The book focuses on specific aspects related to East-West migration, such as the importance of migration for economic development and the multi-faceted impact of migration on sending countries, as well as recipient countries. It also includes an overview of the myriad of reasons which stand for the fundamental decision whether to emigrate or not. The collection offers a novel Eastern European perspective on contemporary migration, a hotly debated topic inside the European Union, which is far from being fully recognised and understood, and it also provides valuable, complex and comprehensive insight into the issue of South Eastern migration to Western Europe.
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 926481194X
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 237
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Book Description
The 2020 edition of Health at a Glance: Europe focuses on the impact of the COVID‐19 crisis. Chapter 1 provides an initial assessment of the resilience of European health systems to the COVID-19 pandemic and their ability to contain and respond to the worst pandemic in the past century.
Author: France Meslé
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400724322
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Book Description
The Ukraine faced two very different kinds of health crises during the twentieth century. First, in the 1930s and 1940s, famine, war and political upheaval caused massive population losses. Previous evaluations of overall losses have given an idea of the scale of these catastrophes but do not distinguish between crisis mortality, birth shortfall and loss through emigration. Based on a painstaking work of reconstitution, this study is the first to provide a detailed estimation of the hecatomb in terms of number of deaths and life expectancy. The famine of 1933 was alone responsible for the deaths of 2.6 million Ukrainians and reduced male and female life expectancies to 7 and 11 years respectively. Once the crises of the 1930s and 1940s were over, the earlier trend in health resumed and mortality declined steadily until the 1960s. At this point, however, a new type of crisis appeared that caused a sustained reversal in the existing trends. Life expectancy for women stopped increasing altogether, while that for men began a relentless year on year regression. Notwithstanding the confusing picture created by the fluctuations of the 1980s and 1990s, the long-term trend is to further deterioration. To understand the factors involved, this study analyses in detail the combined effects of different causes of death at different ages.
