Durability of Clayey Soil Stabilized with Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement and Polypropylene Fiber Under Extreme Environment PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Durability of Clayey Soil Stabilized with Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement and Polypropylene Fiber Under Extreme Environment PDF full book. Access full book title Durability of Clayey Soil Stabilized with Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement and Polypropylene Fiber Under Extreme Environment by Saroj Dhakal. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Saroj Dhakal
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Calcium
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Get Book Here
Book Description
Calcium Sulfo-Aluminate (CSA) Cement is gaining interest among scholars, consultants, engineers, and environmentalists as a prospective replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) across many construction industries. The main reason is the production of CSA cement generates a lower carbon footprint as compared to OPC cement production. Other benefits of CSA cement include quick bonding & strength development, and less shrinkage. Many studies are available and ongoing on the advantages and limitations of CSA cement in concrete. However, there are only a few studies available on its application in soil stabilization. Therefore, the efficiency of CSA cement for soil stabilization is a topic of discussion in the geotechnical sector. In this research, a locally sourced clayey soil is stabilized using different percentages of CSA cement and polypropylene fiber, and its effectiveness is observed and calculated in terms of durability and strength as per American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) guidelines. The soil samples for this research were stabilized with three different percentages of CSA cement, which includes 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%, along with two different percentages of fiber, i.e., 0.5% and 1.0%. Soil without CSA cement and polypropylene fiber was also studied as a baseline. Extreme environments including freezing temperature, humidity, intense heat, and wetness have a detrimental effect on stabilized soil and those effect must be controlled for all construction. The effect of CSA cement with fiber was studied in this research under such environmental impacts using ASTM standard tests, i.e., 12 cycles of the Freezing-Thawing test and 12 cycles of the Wetting-Drying test. Twelve cycles of freezing-thawing tests imitate alternate temperature variations in very cold weather with alternate -20°C to -25°C and room temperature ranging from 20°C to 25°C with high relative humidity. On the other hand, twelve cycles of wetting-drying tests simulate alternate weather in very hot weather with frequent heavy rainfall. The findings of this research are evaluated in terms of percentage of soil loss, change in moisture content and volume, and loss of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of samples that survived 12 cycles of durability test according to the Portland Cement Association's (PCA) durability criteria. Moisture content and bulk unit weight were calculated after each stage in the Freezing-Thawing durability cycles. Soil loss was calculated after each cycle in Wetting-Drying durability test. Samples prepared with 10.0% of cement with 1.0% of fiber were able to survive all durability cycles of Wetting-Drying with soil-loss percentage criteria. On the other hand, samples prepared with 10.0% cement with 0.5% as well as 1.0% fiber were able to survive all durability cycles of Freezing-Thawing as well as soil-loss percentage criteria. These survived samples were tested for their UCS value to study the change in their strength before and after stabilization as well as after surviving all durability cycles. The result of the stabilized soil demonstrates significant improvement of strength even after surviving both cyclic durability test. This research found that development of ecofriendly CSA cement with propylene fiber is a promising alternative to OPC cement for durable clayey soil stabilization in very harsh environmental conditions.
Author: Saroj Dhakal
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Calcium
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Get Book Here
Book Description
Calcium Sulfo-Aluminate (CSA) Cement is gaining interest among scholars, consultants, engineers, and environmentalists as a prospective replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) across many construction industries. The main reason is the production of CSA cement generates a lower carbon footprint as compared to OPC cement production. Other benefits of CSA cement include quick bonding & strength development, and less shrinkage. Many studies are available and ongoing on the advantages and limitations of CSA cement in concrete. However, there are only a few studies available on its application in soil stabilization. Therefore, the efficiency of CSA cement for soil stabilization is a topic of discussion in the geotechnical sector. In this research, a locally sourced clayey soil is stabilized using different percentages of CSA cement and polypropylene fiber, and its effectiveness is observed and calculated in terms of durability and strength as per American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) guidelines. The soil samples for this research were stabilized with three different percentages of CSA cement, which includes 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%, along with two different percentages of fiber, i.e., 0.5% and 1.0%. Soil without CSA cement and polypropylene fiber was also studied as a baseline. Extreme environments including freezing temperature, humidity, intense heat, and wetness have a detrimental effect on stabilized soil and those effect must be controlled for all construction. The effect of CSA cement with fiber was studied in this research under such environmental impacts using ASTM standard tests, i.e., 12 cycles of the Freezing-Thawing test and 12 cycles of the Wetting-Drying test. Twelve cycles of freezing-thawing tests imitate alternate temperature variations in very cold weather with alternate -20°C to -25°C and room temperature ranging from 20°C to 25°C with high relative humidity. On the other hand, twelve cycles of wetting-drying tests simulate alternate weather in very hot weather with frequent heavy rainfall. The findings of this research are evaluated in terms of percentage of soil loss, change in moisture content and volume, and loss of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of samples that survived 12 cycles of durability test according to the Portland Cement Association's (PCA) durability criteria. Moisture content and bulk unit weight were calculated after each stage in the Freezing-Thawing durability cycles. Soil loss was calculated after each cycle in Wetting-Drying durability test. Samples prepared with 10.0% of cement with 1.0% of fiber were able to survive all durability cycles of Wetting-Drying with soil-loss percentage criteria. On the other hand, samples prepared with 10.0% cement with 0.5% as well as 1.0% fiber were able to survive all durability cycles of Freezing-Thawing as well as soil-loss percentage criteria. These survived samples were tested for their UCS value to study the change in their strength before and after stabilization as well as after surviving all durability cycles. The result of the stabilized soil demonstrates significant improvement of strength even after surviving both cyclic durability test. This research found that development of ecofriendly CSA cement with propylene fiber is a promising alternative to OPC cement for durable clayey soil stabilization in very harsh environmental conditions.
Author: Suman Aryal
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 416
Get Book Here
Book Description
Soft soil stabilization frequently uses cement, lime, fly ash, etc., but very limited studies were conducted on the long-term durability of stabilized soil. The present research work deals with the long-term durability of commercially available soil (i.e., EPK clay) stabilized with ordinary Portland cement and polypropylene fiber using a realistic approach, where the effect can be noticed in each weathering cycle. In the present study, two different tests (i.e., wetting-drying and freezing-thawing) were conducted to analyze the long-term durability of stabilized soil. Cycles of higher temperature followed by rainfall, which generally occurs in southern states of the US, were analyzed by the wetting-drying test; and on the other hand, cycles of freezing temperature followed by normal temperature, which generally occurs in northern states of the US and Canada, were analyzed by the freezing-thawing test. For the mid-continental region where freezing, normal, and higher temperature followed by rainfall are expected to occur, hence both the test method i.e., wetting-drying and freezing-thawing, were suggested. Laboratory experimental investigations were conducted to find the percentage loss of stabilized soil during wetting-drying and freezing-thawing tests, which were used as a durability indicator for cement and cement-fiber stabilized soil. Stabilized samples were subjected to harsh environmental conditions in a laboratory set up, and their deterioration was observed and studied after each wetting-drying and freezing-thawing cycle. In the real world, stabilized soil encounters seasonal cycles of monsoon and summer in long run of its service life which was simulated in rapid weathering cycles in laboratory setup. EPK clay samples were stabilized with different percentages of cement, and a mix of cement-fiber combination and were subjected to 12 cycles of wetting-drying and freezing-thawing cycles separately to determine the percentage loss of soil in accordance with the ASTM standards. Finally, based on percentage loss of soil of those stabilized samples which survived up to 12 cycles of weathering action, the optimum content of stabilizing agent was determined for wetting-drying and freezing-thawing tests. Results of wetting-drying tests indicate that EPK clay stabilized with ordinary Portland cement and fiber combination survived up to 12 cycles, but only 10% cement + 0.5% fiber was durable against wetting-drying based on percentage loss. For all the samples stabilized with 10% cement + 0.5% fiber combination, the percentage loss of soil when subjected to durability test was less than 7%, which satisfy the Portland Cement Association’s (PCAs) durability specification. The results of freezing-thawing tests indicate that the EPK clay stabilized with 10% cement, 5% cement + 0.5% fiber, and 10% cement + 0.5% fiber survived up to 12 cycles and were durable against freezing-thawing based on percentage loss of soil i.e., less than 7% which satisfy the Portland Cement Association’s durability specification.
Author: Sandeep Goud Burra
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Get Book Here
Book Description
Soil stabilization is an ancient technique, which has been improvising over the years for different project requirements. The present study is focused on stabilizing the natural bed of soil, on which the pavements are laid. The material to be stabilized is commercially available EPK clay, classified as silt with medium-high plasticity. The study is focused on stabilizing EPK clay with additives/stabilizer and check its resilient behavior using resilient modulus (RM) test, as pavements are laid over natural bed (subgrade) of soil, which are not strong enough to take the traffic load in most cases. The additives used were, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement (environmentally friendly cement i.e., produces 50% less carbon dioxide than regular ordinary Portland cement), lime sludge (LS-byproduct from a water treatment plant), fly ash (FA-byproduct from a coal fired thermal power plant), and polypropylene fiber (F). Although, materials like cement and lime have proven efficient, the use of these environmentally friendly cement leaves less carbon footprint on the society and use of byproducts solves the problem of their disposal, reduces the cost of the project, and promotes sustainability. Stabilization process of EPK clay with commercial products and industrial byproducts begins with standard Proctor test to find out the optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight of each mix proposed in the study. Then, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) samples were prepared based on the standard Proctor moisture-density relationship. The prepared samples were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days, by wrapping them in plastic film and placing in a controlled water tub. Samples were also tested right after preparing them without any curing as 0 days sample. The results demonstrated an increase in UCS strength with the increase in curing period as well as increase in the percentage of the additives. The use of lime sludge (LS) and polypropylene fiber (F) alone did not improve the UCS strength much, as the strength did not increase more than 50 psi for all mixes and with different curing periods. Therefore, lime sludge and polypropylene fiber were considered soil modifiers instead of stabilizers. Incorporating calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement with lime sludge (LS), polypropylene fiber (F) and fly ash (FA) as an activator with lime sludge, led to a substantial improvement in UCS strength. UCS strengths at 28 days curing period for EPK clay + 20% LS + 20% FA, EPK clay + 7.5% CSA cement, and EPK clay + 8% LS + 8% CSA cement were 201.88, 158.13 and 177.37 psi, respectively. The cured and uncured samples were tested for ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, before performing the UCS test. UPV is a nondestructive test mainly used with cementitious materials in predicting the strength and check for defects (mainly voids) in a sample. UPV, has been gaining importance recently and has led its path into testing stabilized soil specimens (usually used in testing concrete specimens over a period of time). Results show that UPV has a linear relationship with UCS, as the samples with higher pulse velocity had higher UCS values. Regression analysis between UCS and UPV had reasonable correlations with CSA cement as well as CSA cement mixed with lime sludge and polypropylene fiber. Strength increase in UCS samples were also evaluated based on the microstructure analysis, using the microscopic images at different magnifications, obtained by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With chemical reaction between EPK clay and stabilizer or additives, flocculation and agglomeration happened and an increase in curing period led to a much denser soil matrix, resulting in an increased UCS strength. Consolidation tests were also performed on all the mixes to check their compressibility behavior. The samples were prepared based on their standard Proctor moisture-density relationship and were loaded and unloaded in a specific sequence. The results indicated a decrease in compression index (Cc) values at higher dosages of additive content for all the mixes in lieu of virgin EPK clay. Reduced compression index values were more pronounced with use of CSA cement, CSA cement with fiber, and CSA cement with lime sludge. Finally, the resilient modulus (RM) tests were carried out on all the EPK clay mixes for uncured and cured samples. Resilient modulus is a fundamental input parameter in design of pavements and the test procedure replicates the in-situ condition in a laboratory set up. The test works on a principle of applied stress to recoverable strain, mainly a stiffness measurement. RM values for EPK clay and EPK clay mixed with lime sludge, polypropylene fiber for all curing periods were less than 10,000 psi. Incorporating calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement with Lime sludge (LS), Polypropylene fiber (F) and fly ash (FA) as an activator with lime sludge (LS) led to a substantial improvement in RM values, which had a range of 12,632-74,331 psi. RM test results were evaluated based on effect of increase in curing period as well as additive content. RM values increased but did not follow a trend unlike in UCS test, where the strength increased with increase in curing period and additive content. RM values for 28 days were lower than 7 or 14 days in few cases, demonstrating strain hardening in the sample and indicating that strength and stiffness are not the same. Material constants obtained from the RM test were used to back calculate the moduli using Uzan (1985) model. A plot of calculated versus experimental RM values for different mixes and curing period were plotted to see their relatability based on regression analysis. Reasonable correlations were obtained with an R2 value ranging from 0.714-0.918. Loading mechanism in RM test consists of multiple repetitions of loading and unloading the sample, inducing permanent strain in it, which was calculated by measuring the height of the sample before and after the test. Among all the EPK clay mixes, highest permanent strain of 0.216 inches was observed for EPK clay + 1.5% fiber mix at 14 days curing period and the least permanent strain of 0.0003 inches was observed for EPK + 8% LS + 8% CSAC mix at 0 and 7 days curing period. A strain of 0.5 inches is permissible in real life, anything more than that causes pavement deformation. The present study is primarily focused on using resilient modulus (RM) test, as it yields a fundamental input parameter in designing a pavement, to eliminate the notion of RM test being complicated and initiate IDOT (Illinois Department of Transportation) to adopt RM test in designing their pavements. The other part of the study is to effectively use industrial byproducts (Lime sludge and Fly ash) to promote sustainability and an environment friendly CSA cement (to have a lesser carbon footprint on the society) in stabilizing subgrade for pavement construction.
Author: Pradeep Pandey
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Building materials
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Get Book Here
Book Description
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is the ubiquitously available cement, has been used as a chemical stabilizer to improve the strength of weaker subgrade soil in pavement layers since longtime. The problem associated with using OPC cement is the emission of larger amount of carbon dioxide and as a result, its negative impact on the ecology. Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSAC) is a more recently developed cement that has been found to be quick setting and environmentally friendly, with its strength comparable to OPC cement. However, a limited number of literatures are available comparing the effect of these two cements in weaker subgrade stabilization. In the present research work, different tests on strength parameters have been performed for analyzing the behavior of these two commercially available cements in weaker subgrade soil stabilization. A locally available soil with high plasticity is selected as a primary soil to be stabilized with different percentages of these cements for testing the strength of the samples. The percentage of cement used in this study is 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% by dry weight of soil. The samples have been tested for Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Resilient Modulus (RM) Test. All the tests were performed according to the ASTM specified designations. The cyclic loading nature of RM (Resilient Modulus) test provides more reliable data to predict the behavior of the stabilized soil in subgrade layer rather than the static loading nature of loading in UCS test. Results from different tests showed that both cements were effective in improving the strength of the soil as compared to its natural untreated state. From UCS test, it was observed that samples prepared with CSAC cement were stronger when they were tested without curing. The percentage increment in the UCS value compared to the untreated soil ranged between 52.68% to 119.17% for CSAC treated samples, while for the corresponding dosage of OPC treated samples, the UCS value increased by 25.45% to 111.96% for uncured samples. However, when the samples were subjected to some degree of curing period, OPC treated samples showed greater strength. The maximum value of 255 psi was obtained for 7.5% CSAC treated samples at 28 days of curing but for same curing period and dosage of OPC treated sample, the UCS value reached up to 473 psi. The results from UPV test also showed that the samples are getting stronger with the addition of cement. The UPV value for untreated soil increased from 990.5 m/s to the maximum of 1647.8 m/s for CSAC treated samples. Similarly, for OPC treated sample, the maximum UPV value observed was around 2043.63 m/s. The UPV value of all OPC treated samples were found to be higher than corresponding percentage and curing period for CSAC treated samples. Linear regression analysis was performed between the results from the UPV and UCS test. A decent R2 value ranging from 0.91 to 0.99 was observed. Similar to the behavior observed from previous two tests, the resilient modulus value was also found to increase as the cement content increased. Results from RM test showed that the effect of stress state on the sample's resiliency behavior was dependent on its stiffness behavior. Strain softening was observed in less stiff samples whereas for highly stiff samples, strain-hardening behavior was observed. For uncured samples, the resilient modulus value increased up to 113% for CSAC treated samples whereas the value increased up to 98% for OPC treated samples. At 28 days of curing, the samples prepared with 5% and 7.5% of both the cements showed comparable values. For OPC treated samples, the 28 days samples for all percentage of cements used showed comparable increase in the resilient modulus value. A regression analysis was performed between the laboratory measured resilient modulus value and predicted values from Uzan (1985) model. The results showed a fair correlation between the data with R2 values ranging from 0.73 to 0.90. The value shows that the model was fairly able to predict the resilient modulus based on Uzan (1985) equation.
Author: Philip Thomas Sherwood
Publisher: Stationery Office Books (TSO)
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 172
Get Book Here
Book Description
Soil stabilization is the process whereby soils and related materials are made stronger and more durable by mixing with a stabilizing agent. These techniques are used for road construction in most parts of the world, although the circumstances and reasons for resorting to stabilization vary considerably.
Author: Hosam El-Din M. Saleh
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789841534
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 276
Get Book Here
Book Description
Cement-based materials have been used by humans nearly since the dawn of civilization. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement to bind their aggregate materials, mud and straw, resulting in bricks that are used for building their famous Egyptian pyramids (between 3000 and 2500 BC). Hydrated cement is a cement material bonded together with water and used for building construction; it is characterized by acceptable chemical, physical, thermal, mechanical, and structural stability. It plays a main role in the creation of vessels for storage, roads to travel on, weather-resistant structure for protection, inert hard stabilizer for hazardous wastes, and so on. Due to the composition of these materials and their advantages, it has been practiced in different applications. Cement is an essential component of making concrete, the single most prevalent building material used worldwide for construction, skyscrapers, highways, tunnels, bridges, hydraulic dams, and railway ties. Besides their numerous desired properties, there are some undesirable features. To overcome these disadvantages, several studies were established to prepare, improve, and evaluate innovative cement-based materials. Despite its oldness and deep research, every year several methods and materials evolve and so do cement technology. This book intends to provide a comprehensive overview on recent advances in the evaluation of these materials.
Author: Steven H. Kosmatka
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Get Book Here
Book Description
Portland Cement Association reference, dealing with fundamentals, cold weather concreting, curing, admixtures, aggregates, mixing, and much more.
Author: Anjan Kumar Chatterjee
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351335731
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 484
Get Book Here
Book Description
The book is an outcome of the author’s active professional involvement in research, manufacture and consultancy in the field of cement chemistry and process engineering. This multidisciplinary title on cement production technology covers the entire process spectrum of cement production, starting from extraction and winning of natural raw materials to the finished products including the environmental impacts and research trends. The book has an overtone of practice supported by the back-up principles.
Author: Zongjin Li
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470902434
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 698
Get Book Here
Book Description
Over the past two decades concrete has enjoyed a renewed level of research and testing, resulting in the development of many new types of concrete. Through the use of various additives, production techniques and chemical processes, there is now a great degree of control over the properties of specific concretes for a wide range of applications. New theories, models and testing techniques have also been developed to push the envelope of concrete as a building material. There is no current textbook which brings all of these advancements together in a single volume. This book aims to bridge the gap between the traditional concrete technologies and the emerging state-of-the-art technologies which are gaining wider use.
Author: Mahmoud Khalifeh
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030399702
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 285
Get Book Here
Book Description
This open access book offers a timely guide to challenges and current practices to permanently plug and abandon hydrocarbon wells. With a focus on offshore North Sea, it analyzes the process of plug and abandonment of hydrocarbon wells through the establishment of permanent well barriers. It provides the reader with extensive knowledge on the type of barriers, their functioning and verification. It then discusses plug and abandonment methodologies, analyzing different types of permanent plugging materials. Last, it describes some tests for verifying the integrity and functionality of installed permanent barriers. The book offers a comprehensive reference guide to well plugging and abandonment (P&A) and well integrity testing. The book also presents new technologies that have been proposed to be used in plugging and abandoning of wells, which might be game-changing technologies, but they are still in laboratory or testing level. Given its scope, it addresses students and researchers in both academia and industry. It also provides information for engineers who work in petroleum industry and should be familiarized with P&A of hydrocarbon wells to reduce the time of P&A by considering it during well planning and construction.
