Does China's Birth Control Policy Really Induce More Human Capital Investment? A New Perspective Based on Population Structural Change Effect PDF Download
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Author: Bob Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 41
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Book Description
This paper reexamines the issue of whether China's birth control policy induces more human capital investments per child. Rosenzweig and Zhang(2009) found there was significant tradeoff between number of children and child quality in China thus concluded that the contribution of China's one-child policy to the development of its human capital was modest at best. However, quantity-quality tradeoff effect may be not the whole story, while which part of population is reduced also matters. In practice the one-child policy is more strict in urban areas than in rural areas, thus it may induce that birth rate in backward rural areas where human capital investment in children is lower is far higher than urban areas. In our paper we first define and stress the importance of population structural change effect on human capital investment. We construct a theoretical model and find out the math form of population structural change effect and quantity-quality tradeoff effect together, which are similar to income effect and substitution effect in microeconomic theory. Finally we empirically prove that China's birth control policy induced that rural birth rate rural was far higher than urban, implicating a negative population structural change effect which may offset the potentially positive quantity-quality tradeoff effect on human capital. Thus China's birth control policy may not induce more human capital investment of the country.
Author: Bob Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 41
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Book Description
This paper reexamines the issue of whether China's birth control policy induces more human capital investments per child. Rosenzweig and Zhang(2009) found there was significant tradeoff between number of children and child quality in China thus concluded that the contribution of China's one-child policy to the development of its human capital was modest at best. However, quantity-quality tradeoff effect may be not the whole story, while which part of population is reduced also matters. In practice the one-child policy is more strict in urban areas than in rural areas, thus it may induce that birth rate in backward rural areas where human capital investment in children is lower is far higher than urban areas. In our paper we first define and stress the importance of population structural change effect on human capital investment. We construct a theoretical model and find out the math form of population structural change effect and quantity-quality tradeoff effect together, which are similar to income effect and substitution effect in microeconomic theory. Finally we empirically prove that China's birth control policy induced that rural birth rate rural was far higher than urban, implicating a negative population structural change effect which may offset the potentially positive quantity-quality tradeoff effect on human capital. Thus China's birth control policy may not induce more human capital investment of the country.
Author: Bob Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
This paper re-examines the issue of whether population control policies induce more human capital investment per child. It is widely believed that China's one-child policy promotes the human capital level of the new generation. According to the quantity-quality tradeoff theory, there is a tradeoff between the number of children and child quality; thus a reduction in fertility would contribute to Chinese human capital enhancement. However, the quantity-quality tradeoff may be not the whole story, because another crucial factor relates to which segment of the population is reduced. China's one-child policy is more strict in urban areas than in rural areas, where human capital investment in children is much lower; thus, it might induce a rural birth rate that is much higher than the urban one, which would have a negative effect on human capital. In our paper, we first define and stress the importance of the population structural change effect on human capital investment. We construct a theoretical model and discover the mathematical formula of the population structural change effect and quantity-quality tradeoff effect together, which are similar to the income effect and substitution effect in microeconomic theory. Then we empirically prove that China's one-child policy induced a much higher rural birth rate, implying a negative population structural change effect that might offset the potentially positive quantity-quality tradeoff effect on human capital. Finally, we further investigate the relative sizes of the two effects and find it is very likely that China's one-child policy reduced the human capital level of the new generation.
Author: Mark R. Rosenzweig
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 39
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Book Description
Author: David Bloom
Publisher: Rand Corporation
ISBN: 0833033735
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 127
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Book Description
There is long-standing debate on how population growth affects national economies. A new report from Population Matters examines the history of this debate and synthesizes current research on the topic. The authors, led by Harvard economist David Bloom, conclude that population age structure, more than size or growth per se, affects economic development, and that reducing high fertility can create opportunities for economic growth if the right kinds of educational, health, and labor-market policies are in place. The report also examines specific regions of the world and how their differing policy environments have affected the relationship between population change and economic development.
Author: Judith Banister
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Birth control
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
Author: Jean-Claude Chesnais
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 656
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Book Description
Demographic transition constitutes one of the most fundamental modern historical changes; people live much longer, have fewer children, and experience higher mobility. This book examines the basic mechanisms behind the modernisation of demographic behaviour. The author has marshalled an impressive array of statistical material relating to sixty-seven countries, half of them less developed countries. Most of the tables are time-series, covering many decades and sometimes go back to the nineteenth, and even eighteenth centuries. The whole sweep of western experience is dealt with here impartially. Though technically sophisticated, the book also covers issues of interpretation and analysis. The author puts forward a number of challenging propositions: mortality decrease is shown to necessarily precede fertility and decline, so-called execptions being simply false exceptions. He shows how the decline of fertility is dependent on important and manifold social transformations. The strong connections between international migration and the course of demographic transition are demonstrated, as is the fact that less developed countries are following the same general patterns as MDCs. There is also discussion of why the theory of demographic transition must include the effect of population changes on the economic progress of society.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309452961
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 583
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Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author: National Intelligence Council
Publisher: Cosimo Reports
ISBN: 9781646794973
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
"The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.
Author: Susan Greenhalgh
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 9780804748803
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
'Governing China's Population' tells the story of political and cultural shifts, from the perspectives of both regime and society.
Author: David Dollar
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
ISBN: 0815738064
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 444
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Book Description
How will China reform its economy as it aspires to become the next economic superpower? It's clear that China is the world's next economic superpower. But what isn't so clear is how China will get there by the middle of this century. It now faces tremendous challenges such as fostering innovation, dealing with ageing problem and coping with a less accommodative global environment. In this book, economists from China's leading university and America's best-known think tank offer in depth analyses of these challenges. Does China have enough talent and right policy and institutional mix to transit from input-driven to innovation-driven economy? What does ageing mean, in terms of labor supply, consumption demand and social welfare expenditure? Can China contain the environmental and climate change risks? How should the financial system be transformed in order to continuously support economic growth and keep financial risks under control? What fiscal reforms are required in order to balance between economic efficiency and social harmony? What roles should the state-owned enterprises play in the future Chinese economy? In addition, how will technological competition between the United States and China affect each country's development? Will the Chinese yuan emerge as a major reserve currency, and would this destabilize the international financial system? What will be China's role in the international economic institutions? And will the United States and other established powers accept a growing role for China and the rest of the developing world in the governance of global institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund, or will the world devolve into competing blocs? This book provides unique insights into independent analyses and policy recommendations by a group of top Chinese and American scholars. Whether China succeeds or fails in economic reform will have a large impact, not just on China's development, but also on stability and prosperity for the whole world.
