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Author: Donna McIsaac
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Mercado de trabajo - Ecuador
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Book Description
Author: Donna McIsaac
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Mercado de trabajo - Ecuador
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Book Description
Author: James J. Heckman
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226322858
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 585
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Book Description
Law and Employment analyzes the effects of regulation and deregulation on Latin American labor markets and presents empirically grounded studies of the costs of regulation. Numerous labor regulations that were introduced or reformed in Latin America in the past thirty years have had important economic consequences. Nobel Prize-winning economist James J. Heckman and Carmen Pagés document the behavior of firms attempting to stay in business and be competitive while facing the high costs of complying with these labor laws. They challenge the prevailing view that labor market regulations affect only the distribution of labor incomes and have little or no impact on efficiency or the performance of labor markets. Using new micro-evidence, this volume shows that labor regulations reduce labor market turnover rates and flexibility, promote inequality, and discriminate against marginal workers. Along with in-depth studies of Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Jamaica, and Trinidad, Law and Employment provides comparative analysis of Latin American economies against a range of European countries and the United States. The book breaks new ground by quantifying not only the cost of regulation in Latin America, the Caribbean, and in the OECD, but also the broader impact of this regulation.
Author: Martin Rama
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Book Description
Although Ecuador may have the most cumbersome labor market regulations in Latin America, these are not a major source of segmentation of the labor market. The reason: the benefits mandated are fully fungible with wages.Ecuadorian labor costs are said to be high because of a large array of mandated benefits. But there are several reasons to doubt that labor market regulations, cumbersome as they are, are responsible for segmentation of the labor market, let alone slow growth and increased inequality. And available evidence on the regulations' impact on the labor market is not compelling, as MacIsaac and Rama show.Using the 1994 Living Standards Measurement Survey, they show that the impact of mandated benefits is mitigated by a reduction of the base earnings on which they are calculated. Therefore, Ecuador's labor regulations do raise take-home pay, but less than the vast number of benefits would suggest. The increase in labor costs induced by compliance with labor regulations is even smaller than the corresponding increase in take-home pay, because mandated benefits are not subject to social security contributions or payroll taxes.Despite mandated benefits, wage differentials between industries are comparable to those in Bolivia, a country otherwise similar to Ecuador, yet known to have flexible labor markets.Cumbersome as they are, Ecuador`s labor market regulations cannot be held responsible for most labor market segmentation. Compliance with these regulations is associated with significantly higher take-home pay only in the public sector and where trade unions are active - and it is unclear that merely changing the labor code would bring wages down in those two areas.And the most dramatic earnings gap, the one between jobs in agriculture and the rest of the economy, appears to be largely independent of either unions or labor laws. Drastically streamlining the labor laws would be welcome, but only moderate change should be expected from such a reform.This paper is a product of the Poverty and Human Resources Division, Policy Research Department. The research was initiated in the context of a poverty assessment for Ecuador undertaken by Country Department III, Latin America and the Caribbean. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under research project The Impact of Labor Market Policies and Institutions on Economic Performance (RPO 680-96).
Author: Johanna Schauer
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1484360915
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
Labor market duality is a complex and critical issue for many countries that can lower productivity, contribute to inequality and result in negative externalities. In this paper, I study duality in the Korean labor market and analyze its sources and potential policy options. I find that employment protection legislations and large productivity differentials are the key drivers of Korea’s duality. In addition, applying a general equilibrium search-and-matching model and calibrating it to the Korean economy, I show that well-calibrated flexicurity policies can significantly reduce duality and inequality and raise welfare and productivity. Notably, the introduction of all three pillars—flexiblity, a strong safety net and active labor market policies—is critical for its success. If only one pillar is introduced it can result in negative side-effects and might not reduce duality.
Author: Adriana D. Kugler
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1484393848
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
This paper documents recent labor market performance in the Latin American region. The paper shows that unemployment, informality, and inequality have been falling over the past two decades, though still remain high. By contrast, productivity has remained stubbornly low. The paper, then, turns to the potential impacts of various labor market institutions, including employment protection legislation (EPL), minimum wages (MW), payroll taxes, unemployment insurance (UI) and collective bargaining, as well as the impacts of demographic changes on labor market performance. The paper relies on evidence from carefully conducted studies based on micro-data for countries in the region and for other countries with similar income levels to draw conclusions on the impact of labor market institutions and demographic factors on unemployment, informality, inequality and productivity. The decreases in unemployment and informality can be partly explained by the reduced strictness of EPL and payroll taxes, but also by the increased shares of more educated and older workers. By contrast, the fall in inequality starting in 2002 can be explained by a combination of binding MW throughout most of the region and, to a lesser extent, by the introduction of UI systems in some countries and the role of unions in countries with moderate unionization rates. Falling inequality can also be explained by the fall in the returns to skill associated with increased share of more educated and older workers.
Author: Martín Rama
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
January 1997 Although Ecuador may have the most cumbersome labor market regulations in Latin America, these are not a major source of segmentation of the labor market. The reason: the benefits mandated are fully fungible with wages. Ecuadorian labor costs are said to be high because of a large array of mandated benefits. But there are several reasons to doubt that labor market regulations, cumbersome as they are, are responsible for segmentation of the labor market, let alone slow growth and increased inequality. And available evidence on the regulations' impact on the labor market is not compelling, as MacIsaac and Rama show. Using the 1994 Living Standards Measurement Survey, they show that the impact of mandated benefits is mitigated by a reduction of the base earnings on which they are calculated. Therefore, Ecuador's labor regulations do raise take-home pay, but less than the vast number of benefits would suggest. The increase in labor costs induced by compliance with labor regulations is even smaller than the corresponding increase in take-home pay, because mandated benefits are not subject to social security contributions or payroll taxes. Despite mandated benefits, wage differentials between industries are comparable to those in Bolivia, a country otherwise similar to Ecuador, yet known to have flexible labor markets. Cumbersome as they are, Ecuador's labor market regulations cannot be held responsible for most labor market segmentation. Compliance with these regulations is associated with significantly higher take-home pay only in the public sector and where trade unions are active - and it is unclear that merely changing the labor code would bring wages down in those two areas. And the most dramatic earnings gap, the one between jobs in agriculture and the rest of the economy, appears to be largely independent of either unions or labor laws. Drastically streamlining the labor laws would be welcome, but only moderate change should be expected from such a reform. This paper is a product of the Poverty and Human Resources Division, Policy Research Department. The research was initiated in the context of a poverty assessment for Ecuador undertaken by Country Department III, Latin America and the Caribbean. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under research project The Impact of Labor Market Policies and Institutions on Economic Performance (RPO 680-96). Martin Rama may be contacted at
[email protected].
Author: Guillermo Perry
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821370936
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
Analyzes informality in Latin America, exploring root causes and reasons for and implications of its growth. This book uses two distinct but complementary lenses. It concludes that reducing informality levels and overcoming the "culture of informality" will require actions to increase aggregate productivity in the economy.
Author: William Francis Maloney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Desempleo
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Simple numerical measures of the minimum wage may offer deceptive indicators of its impact. Alternative measures, such as kernel density or cumulative distribution plots, are more reliable, and highlight influences higher in the wage distribution or on the informal sector. Panel employment data from Colombia, where minimum wages seem high and binding, show that the minimum wage can have important impacts on wages and unemployment across the wage distribution.
Author: World Bank
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464811474
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1217
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Book Description
Fifteen in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 190 economies, Doing Business 2018 measures aspects of regulation affecting 10 areas of everyday business activity: •Starting a business •Dealing with construction permits •Getting electricity •Registering property •Getting credit •Protecting minority investors •Paying taxes •Trading across borders •Enforcing contracts •Resolving insolvencyThese areas are included in the distance to frontier score and ease of doing business ranking. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation, which is not included in these two measures. The report updates all indicators as of June 1, 2017, ranks economies on their overall “ease of doing business”, and analyzes reforms to business regulation – identifying which economies are strengthening their business environment the most. Doing Business illustrates how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. It is a flagship product produced in partnership by the World Bank Group that garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. More than 137 economies have used the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on the ground. In addition, the Doing Business data has generated over 2,182 articles in peer-reviewed academic journals since its inception.Data Notes; Distance to Frontier and Ease of Doing Business Ranking; and Summaries of Doing Business Reforms in 2016/17 can be downloaded separately from the Doing Business website.
Author: Friedrich Schneider
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107034841
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 225
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Book Description
This book presents new data to give an overview of shadow economies from OECD countries and propose solutions to prevent illicit work.
