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Author: Difrine Madara
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 334631152X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 25
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Book Description
Academic Paper from the year 2019 in the subject Politics - Other International Politics Topics, grade: A, Kenyatta University, language: English, abstract: Many scholars consider the Marshall Plan as the most successful foreign policy initiative in the U.S history. In the recent past, the term has been used as a campaign tool for American foreign policy abroad. Since the end of Germany’s Marshall Plan in the 1950s, none of the subsequent economic recovery plans have had similar levels of impact. On June 5, 1947, the secretary of state General George C Marshall suggested that United States provide economic aid to assist Europe in recovering from the devastation of World War II. The Congress appropriated $13.3 billion (more than $100 billion in today's dollars) to be used over four years to reconstruct Europe. This plan is considered successful in Europe, especially in Germany, where it significantly boosted economic growth. Consequently, future administrations adopted similar approaches in an attempt to stimulate economies abroad. The most recent similar plan is the George W Bush reconstruction plan for Iraq. The ‘Marshall Plan’ for Iraq failed to spark similar success like in Germany in the 1950s. Arkes (2015) intimated that the failure of Iraq’s ‘Marshall Plan’ can be attributed to differences in political, economic, and security conditions. In this section, we critically review the Marshall Plan as a model of reconstruction aid by comparing the conditions and outcomes in Germany and Iraq.
Author: Difrine Madara
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 334631152X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 25
Get Book Here
Book Description
Academic Paper from the year 2019 in the subject Politics - Other International Politics Topics, grade: A, Kenyatta University, language: English, abstract: Many scholars consider the Marshall Plan as the most successful foreign policy initiative in the U.S history. In the recent past, the term has been used as a campaign tool for American foreign policy abroad. Since the end of Germany’s Marshall Plan in the 1950s, none of the subsequent economic recovery plans have had similar levels of impact. On June 5, 1947, the secretary of state General George C Marshall suggested that United States provide economic aid to assist Europe in recovering from the devastation of World War II. The Congress appropriated $13.3 billion (more than $100 billion in today's dollars) to be used over four years to reconstruct Europe. This plan is considered successful in Europe, especially in Germany, where it significantly boosted economic growth. Consequently, future administrations adopted similar approaches in an attempt to stimulate economies abroad. The most recent similar plan is the George W Bush reconstruction plan for Iraq. The ‘Marshall Plan’ for Iraq failed to spark similar success like in Germany in the 1950s. Arkes (2015) intimated that the failure of Iraq’s ‘Marshall Plan’ can be attributed to differences in political, economic, and security conditions. In this section, we critically review the Marshall Plan as a model of reconstruction aid by comparing the conditions and outcomes in Germany and Iraq.
Author: NA NA
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1349627488
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 294
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Book Description
The text focuses first on the impact of the Marshall plan on the organization of political and economic life in post-war Europe and how the plan was perceived in European public opinion. It then examines its role in the construction of European union and in the division of Europe. Finally, the book analyzes the debate about the economic impact of the Marshall Plan in the post-war economic "miracle" in Western Europe. The authors of these chapters are well-known historians, economists, and political scientists, whose original chapters derive from their work on post-war Europe.
Author: Jacqueline M. Mongeon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Postwar reconstruction
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
"The aftermath of World War II was as devastating as the war itself with citizens facing the destruction of their homeland followed by difficult winters that further challenged Europe's chances for recovery and directly threatened the population. The Marshall Plan was a plan for hope, an idea for Europeans to grasp that their fate was in their own hands, with a little help from their friends in the United States. The Plan started as just an idea without many details or analysis formulating an exhaustive "plan". This flexibility was a strength for the Marshall Plan, however it may not always be the correct formula for other reconstruction efforts. The Marshall Plan had not only a humanitarian objective, but economic and geopolitical objectives as well. The combination of the humanitarian and economic efforts was a foundation for the geopolitical rationale to strengthen Europe against the rising communist threat of the Soviet Union and Communist parties' increasing influence within several European countries. A similar geopolitical motivation existed in Washington's goal to aid Iraq and extend democracy in the Middle East. There are several elements of both the administration and implementation of the Marshall Plan that could serve as a strong foundation for future reconstruction planning efforts. This paper will illustrate the strength of these elements and how they could have benefitted the overall planning and results in post-war Iraq reconstruction efforts."--Abstract.
Author: U. S. Army U.S. Army War College
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781499241228
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Book Description
The Marshall Plan has been heralded as one of the most important and successful foreign policies of this century. Historians generally agree that it was precisely the right medicine needed to heal wounds and restore confidence on both sides of the Atlantic following the destructive Second World War. It has also been credited with helping contain the spread of communism and providing the foundation for an enduring alliance that has produced years of peace in Europe. The Marshall Plan, however, has also been criticized as a selfish U.S. endeavor and a program that divided Europe. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the role of this widely acclaimed plan in U.S. post-war interests in Europe. It includes analyses of the plan's origins, goals, mechanics, and overall effectiveness. It also examines both the short and long-term economic, political and military significance of the Marshall Plan, including its relationship to the Truman Doctrine and containment policy. Finally, it focuses on how this historic plan helped further U.S. interests by forging a collective security mechanism and a strong economic political and military alliance network that has shaped Western Europe as it is known today.
Author: Constantine Christopher Menges
Publisher: University Press of America
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 432
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Book Description
The success of the Marshall Plan in the rebuilding of a Europe devastated by World War II required the challenging efforts of many men and women. 140 Marshall Plan participants attended a commemorative conference at George Washington University on June 2, l997, the fiftieth anniversary of the Plan's announcement, along with other distinguished leaders from the United States and beneficiary countries of Western Europe. The Marshall Plan From Those Who Made it Succeed includes both conference proceedings and brief narrative memoirs of participants. Interest generated by the conference and lessons learned from the Marshall Plan's success will appeal to foreign affairs students, faculty, government officials, historians, financial assistance agencies, diplomats, and citizens at home and abroad, particularly from countries receiving Marshall Plan assistance.
Author: Barry Machado
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
"In recent years, the Marshall Plan has been invoked on numerous occasions as a solution for problems domestic and foreign. This study aims to establish the relevance for contemporary postwar reconstruction projects of an experimental foreign policy conceived and executed back in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The monograph clarifies why and how the Marshall Plan was adopted, what its essential features were, and why it succeeded in western Europe, concluding that it had important and mutually reinforcing aspects-- political, psychological, and economics"--Page vii.
Author: Charles S. Maier
Publisher: Berg Publishers
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 572
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Book Description
This volume brings together an international team of distinguished political and economic historians to take stock of earlier work on the origins and impact of the Marshall Plan, and reinterpret it in light of revolutionary upheavals in Central and Easter Europe.
Author: James Dobbins
Publisher: Rand Corporation
ISBN: 0833034863
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 281
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Book Description
The post-World War II occupations of Germany and Japan set standards for postconflict nation-building that have not since been matched. Only in recent years has the United States has felt the need to participate in similar transformations, but it is now facing one of the most challenging prospects since the 1940s: Iraq. The authors review seven case studies--Germany, Japan, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan--and seek lessons about what worked well and what did not. Then, they examine the Iraq situation in light of these lessons. Success in Iraq will require an extensive commitment of financial, military, and political resources for a long time. The United States cannot afford to contemplate early exit strategies and cannot afford to leave the job half completed.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This report provides aggregate data on U.S. assistance to Iraq and compares it with U.S. assistance to Germany and Japan during the seven years following World War II. U.S. aid allocations (all grant assistance ) for Iraq appropriated from 2003 to 2006 total $28.9 billion. About $17.6 billion (62%) went for economic and political reconstruction assistance. The remaining $10.9 billion (38%) was targeted at bolstering Iraqi security. A higher proportion of Iraqi aid has been provided for economic reconstruction of critical infrastructure than was the case for Germany and Japan. Total U.S. assistance to Iraq thus far is roughly equivalent to total assistance (adjusted for inflation) provided to Germany -- and almost double that provided to Japan -- from 1946-1952. For Germany, in constant 2005 dollars the United States provided a total of $29.3 billion in assistance from 1946-1952 with 60% in economic grants and nearly 30% in economic loans, and the remainder in military aid. Beginning in 1949, the Marshall Plan provided $1.4 billion with the specific objective of promoting economic recovery. Prior to that, U.S. aid was categorized as Government and Relief in Occupied Areas (GARIOA). Adjusting for inflation, the constant 2005 dollar total for Marshall Plan aid was $9.3 billion, of which 84% billion was grants and 16% was loans. (West Germany eventually repaid one-third of total U.S. assistance it received.) Total U.S. assistance to Japan for 1946-1952 was roughly $15.2 billion in 2005 dollars, of which 77% was grants and 23% was loans. Most of these funds were provided through GARIOA grants. Japan repaid $490 million of the total postwar assistance. Of the $2.2 billion in total aid, an estimated $655 million, or almost a third, went to categories that would mostly contribute directly to economic recovery (industrial materials, including machinery and raw goods; petroleum and products; and transportation, vehicles, and equipment). Most of the rest went for agricultural equipment, foodstuffs, and food supplies with smaller amounts spent on medical and sanitary supplies, education, and clothing. U.S. assistance to Germany and Japan largely consisted of food-related aid because of severe war-induced shortages and the need to provide minimum subsistence levels of nutrition. In Iraq, humanitarian aid has been a minor part of the assistance. Expectations also have changed. Countries today have much higher expectations of what the United States should contribute to reconstruction in Iraq relative to what was expected following World War II. Germany and Japan also are larger than Iraq -- both population and size of their respective economies -- and the extent of war damage to each country's industrial capacity was different. Iraq also faces an insurgency that deliberately sabotages the economy and reconstruction efforts, whereas there were no resistance movements in either Germany or Japan. This report will not be updated.
Author: William Revill Kerr
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080442005
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
Tourism Public Policy, and the Strategic Management of Failure.
