Development and Application of Molecular Methods to Enhance Understanding of the Amphibian-emerging Infectious Disease Pathobiome PDF Download
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Author: Alyssa Wetterau Kaganer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Development and application of practical conservation measures to combat emerging infectious diseases are challenged by incomplete understanding of the complicated interactions between host, host-associated microbiota, pathogen, and environment that dictate disease outcome. In this dissertation, I shed light on several different aspects the amphibian- emerging infectious disease system using both novel and adapted molecular tools. I found that noninvasive surveillance of host populations using environmental DNA is useful and can potentially facilitate monitoring of large areas. However, host biology and specific context of sample collection play critical roles in environmental DNA detection, such that alone the environmental DNA tools are not a panacea for monitoring. Furthermore, the assumed relationships between environmental pathogen loads and host burdens were not closely related, indicating the need for more understanding of environmental factors and alternative hosts in the landscape that may be affecting environmental disease detection. Finally, I used a gene expression study of an amphibian vaccination trial to understand host, pathogen, and microbiome interactions at different stages of vaccination and infection. I discovered that eastern hellbender salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) successfully mount an acquired immune response to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis following oral vaccination, but the response is ineffective at controlling disease. Further examination of the innate immune system revealed that the hellbender skin microbiome is unlikely to explain the observed tolerance to infections. Pathogen gene expression changes later in infections may represent a mechanism for pathogen-induced community changes in the microbiome. Collectively, these findings build on recent advances in our understanding of the effect of emerging infectious diseases on amphibians, yet the discoveries that emerge from our enhanced ability to observe these pathogens in the environment reveal limitations to many core assumptions made about these systems which were based on other vertebrate models.
Author: Alyssa Wetterau Kaganer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Development and application of practical conservation measures to combat emerging infectious diseases are challenged by incomplete understanding of the complicated interactions between host, host-associated microbiota, pathogen, and environment that dictate disease outcome. In this dissertation, I shed light on several different aspects the amphibian- emerging infectious disease system using both novel and adapted molecular tools. I found that noninvasive surveillance of host populations using environmental DNA is useful and can potentially facilitate monitoring of large areas. However, host biology and specific context of sample collection play critical roles in environmental DNA detection, such that alone the environmental DNA tools are not a panacea for monitoring. Furthermore, the assumed relationships between environmental pathogen loads and host burdens were not closely related, indicating the need for more understanding of environmental factors and alternative hosts in the landscape that may be affecting environmental disease detection. Finally, I used a gene expression study of an amphibian vaccination trial to understand host, pathogen, and microbiome interactions at different stages of vaccination and infection. I discovered that eastern hellbender salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) successfully mount an acquired immune response to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis following oral vaccination, but the response is ineffective at controlling disease. Further examination of the innate immune system revealed that the hellbender skin microbiome is unlikely to explain the observed tolerance to infections. Pathogen gene expression changes later in infections may represent a mechanism for pathogen-induced community changes in the microbiome. Collectively, these findings build on recent advances in our understanding of the effect of emerging infectious diseases on amphibians, yet the discoveries that emerge from our enhanced ability to observe these pathogens in the environment reveal limitations to many core assumptions made about these systems which were based on other vertebrate models.
Author: Donald Brown
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780812270020
Category : Amphibians
Languages : en
Pages : 261
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Book Description
Author: Kenneth Wilson
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107136563
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 693
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Book Description
Introduces readers to key case studies that illustrate how theory and data can be integrated to understand wildlife disease ecology.
Author: Rama S. Singh
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199642273
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 309
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Book Description
A range of theories on the rates of evolution-from static to gradual to punctuated to quantum-have been developed, mostly by comparing morphological changes over geological timescales as described in the fossil record.
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9781009157971
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 755
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Book Description
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author: Nancy Guillen
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030448266
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Book Description
Multiple demographic or economic parameters contribute to the origin of emerging infections, for example: poverty, urbanization, climate change, conflicts and population migrations. All these factors are a challenge to assess the impact (present and future) of parasitic diseases on public health. The intestine is a major target of these infections; it is a nutrient-rich environment harbouring a complex and dynamic population of 100 trillion microbes: the microbiome. Most researches on the microbiome focus on bacteria, which share the gut ecosystem with a population of uni- and multi cellular eukaryotic organisms that may prey on them. Our interest focuses on the families of eukaryotic microbes inhabiting the intestine, called “intestinal eukaryome”, that include fungi, protists and helminths. Knowledge on the reciprocal influence between the microbiome and the eukaryome, and on their combined impact on homeostasis and intestinal diseases is scanty and can be considered as an important emerging field. Furthermore, the factors that differentiate pathogenic eukaryotes from commensals are still unknown. This book presents an overview of the science presented and discussed in the First Eukaryome Congress held from October 16th to 18th, 2019 at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. This book covers the following topics: Phylogenetic, prevalence, and diversity of intestinal eukaryotic microbes; and their (still enigmatic) historical evolution and potential contributions to mucosal immune homeostasis. Integrative biology to study the molecular cell biology of parasite-host interactions and the multiple parameters underlining the infectious process. The exploitation of tissue engineering and microfluidics to establish three-dimensional (3D) systems that help to understand homeostasis and pathological processes in the human intestine.
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9251305625
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 227
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Book Description
The 2018 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture emphasizes the sector’s role in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals, and measurement of progress towards these goals. It notes the particular contributions of inland and small-scale fisheries, and highlights the importance of rights-based governance for equitable and inclusive development. As in past editions, the publication begins with a global analysis of trends in fisheries and aquaculture production, stocks, processing and use, trade and consumption, based on the latest official statistics, along with a review of the status of the world’s fishing fleets and human engagement and governance in the sector. Topics explored in Parts 2 to 4 include aquatic biodiversity; the ecosystem approach to fisheries and to aquaculture; climate change impacts and responses; the sector’s contribution to food security and human nutrition; and issues related to international trade, consumer protection and sustainable value chains. Global developments in combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, selected ocean pollution concerns and FAO’s efforts to improve capture fishery data are also discussed. The issue concludes with the outlook for the sector, including projections to 2030. As always, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture aims to provide objective, reliable and up-to- date information to a wide audience, including policy-makers, managers, scientists, stakeholders and indeed all those interested in the fisheries and aquaculture sector.
Author: A. R. E. Sinclair
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226760359
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 534
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Book Description
Serengeti National Park is one of the world’s most diverse ecosystems, a natural laboratory for ecology, evolution, and conservation, with a history that dates back at least four million years to the beginnings of human evolution. The third book of a ground- breaking series, Serengeti III is the result of a long-term integrated research project that documents changes to this unique ecosystem every ten years. Bringing together researchers from a wide range of disciplines—ecologists, paleontologists, economists, social scientists, mathematicians, and disease specialists— this volume focuses on the interactions between the natural system and the human-dominated agricultural system. By examining how changes in rainfall, wildebeest numbers, commodity prices, and human populations have impacted the Serengeti ecosystem, the authors conclude that changes in the natural system have affected human welfare just as changes in the human system have impacted the natural world. To promote both the conservation of biota and the sustainability of human welfare, the authors recommend community-based conservation and protected-area conservation. Serengeti III presents a timely and provocative look at the conservation status of one of earth’s most renowned ecosystems.
Author: Donald C. Behringer
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0198821638
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Book Description
Whether through loss of habitat or cascading community effects, diseases can shape the very nature of the marine environment. Despite their significant impacts, studies of marine diseases have tended to lag behind their terrestrial equivalents, particularly with regards to their ecological effects. However, in recent decades global research focused on marine disease ecology has expanded at an accelerating rate. This is due in part to increases in disease emergence across many taxa, but can also be attributed to a broader realization that the parasites responsible for disease are themselves important members of marine communities. Understanding their ecological relationships with the environment and their hosts is critical to understanding, conserving, and managing natural and exploited populations, communities, and ecosystems. Courses on marine disease ecology are now starting to emerge and this first textbook in the field will be ideally placed to serve them. Marine Disease Ecology is suitable for graduate students and researchers in the fields of marine disease ecology, aquaculture, fisheries, veterinary science, evolution and conservation. It will also be of relevance and use to a broader interdisciplinary audience of government agencies, NGOs, and marine resource managers.
Author: Edwin L. Cooper
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319767682
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1063
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Book Description
Immunologists, perhaps understandably, most often concentrate on the human immune system, an anthropocentric focus that has resulted in a dearth of information about the immune function of all other species within the animal kingdom. However, knowledge of animal immune function could help not only to better understand human immunology, but perhaps more importantly, it could help to treat and avoid the blights that affect animals, which consequently affect humans. Take for example the mass death of honeybees in recent years – their demise, resulting in much less pollination, poses a serious threat to numerous crops, and thus the food supply. There is a similar disappearance of frogs internationally, signaling ecological problems, among them fungal infections. This book aims to fill this void by describing and discussing what is known about non-human immunology. It covers various major animal phyla, its chapters organized in a progression from the simplest unicellular organisms to the most complex vertebrates, mammals. Chapters are written by experts, covering the latest findings and new research being conducted about each phylum. Edwin L. Cooper is a Distinguished Professor in the Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Neurobiology at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine.
