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Author: Shardendu Kumar Singh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cowpea
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Abiotic stresses cause extensive loss to agriculture production worldwide. Cowpea is an important legume crop grown widely in tropical and subtropical regions where high temperature, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation and drought are the common stress factors limiting production. Various vegetative, physiological, biochemical and reproductive plant attributes were assessed under a range of UVB radiation levels in Experiment I and in a combination with two doses of each carbon dioxide concentration [CO2], temperature, and UVB radiation and their interactions in Experiment II by using six cowpea genotypes and sunlit plant growth chambers. The dynamics of photosynthesis and fluorescence processes were assessed in 15 cowpea genotypes under drought condition in Experiment III in pot-grown plants under sunlit conditions. A distinct response pattern was not observed in cowpea in response to UVB radiation from 0 to 15 kJ; however, plants grown under elevated UVB showed reduced photosynthesis resulting in shorter plants and produced smaller flowers and lower seed yield. Increased phenolic compounds appeared to be a defense response to UVB radiation. The growth enhancements observed by doubling of [CO2] were not observed when plants were grown in combination with elevated UVB or temperature which also showed the most detrimental effects on plant growth and seed yield. Results from Experiment I and II revealed that cowpea reproductive traits were highly sensitive to abiotic stresses compared to the vegetative growth and development. A total stress response index (TSRI) technique, derived from all vegetative and reproductive parameters, was used to screen genotypes for their stress tolerance to UVB or combination of stresses. An increase in water use efficiency while maintaining higher rate of photosynthesis was an important drought tolerance mechanism in tolerant cowpea genotypes. Using principal component analysis technique, four groups of the genotypes were identified for their drought tolerance. Evaluating same genotypes across stress conditions revealed that no single genotype has the absolute tolerance characters to all stress conditions. The identified diversity for abiotic stress tolerance among cowpea genotypes and associated traits can be used to develop tolerant genotypes suitable for an agro-ecological niche though traditional breeding or genetic engineering methods.
![Developing Screening Tools for Abiotic Stresses Using Cowpea [Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.] as a Model Crop PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/yD-KswEACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Shardendu Kumar Singh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cowpea
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Abiotic stresses cause extensive loss to agriculture production worldwide. Cowpea is an important legume crop grown widely in tropical and subtropical regions where high temperature, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation and drought are the common stress factors limiting production. Various vegetative, physiological, biochemical and reproductive plant attributes were assessed under a range of UVB radiation levels in Experiment I and in a combination with two doses of each carbon dioxide concentration [CO2], temperature, and UVB radiation and their interactions in Experiment II by using six cowpea genotypes and sunlit plant growth chambers. The dynamics of photosynthesis and fluorescence processes were assessed in 15 cowpea genotypes under drought condition in Experiment III in pot-grown plants under sunlit conditions. A distinct response pattern was not observed in cowpea in response to UVB radiation from 0 to 15 kJ; however, plants grown under elevated UVB showed reduced photosynthesis resulting in shorter plants and produced smaller flowers and lower seed yield. Increased phenolic compounds appeared to be a defense response to UVB radiation. The growth enhancements observed by doubling of [CO2] were not observed when plants were grown in combination with elevated UVB or temperature which also showed the most detrimental effects on plant growth and seed yield. Results from Experiment I and II revealed that cowpea reproductive traits were highly sensitive to abiotic stresses compared to the vegetative growth and development. A total stress response index (TSRI) technique, derived from all vegetative and reproductive parameters, was used to screen genotypes for their stress tolerance to UVB or combination of stresses. An increase in water use efficiency while maintaining higher rate of photosynthesis was an important drought tolerance mechanism in tolerant cowpea genotypes. Using principal component analysis technique, four groups of the genotypes were identified for their drought tolerance. Evaluating same genotypes across stress conditions revealed that no single genotype has the absolute tolerance characters to all stress conditions. The identified diversity for abiotic stress tolerance among cowpea genotypes and associated traits can be used to develop tolerant genotypes suitable for an agro-ecological niche though traditional breeding or genetic engineering methods.
![DEVELOPING SCREENING TOOLS FOR ABIOTIC STRESSES USING COWPEA [VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.] AS A MODEL CROP. PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/sIxfAQAACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Abiotic stresses cause extensive loss to agriculture production worldwide. Cowpea is an important legume crop grown widely in tropical and subtropical regions where high temperature, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation and drought are the common stress factors limiting production. Various vegetative, physiological, biochemical and reproductive plant attributes were assessed under a range of UVB radiation levels in Experiment I and in a combination with two doses of each carbon dioxide concentration [CO2], temperature, and UVB radiation and their interactions in Experiment II by using six cowpea genotypes and sunlit plant growth chambers. The dynamics of photosynthesis and fluorescence processes were assessed in 15 cowpea genotypes under drought condition in Experiment III in pot-grown plants under sunlit conditions. A distinct response pattern was not observed in cowpea in response to UVB radiation form 0 to 15 kJ; however, plants grown under elevated UVB showed reduced photosynthesis resulting in shorter plants and produced smaller flowers and lower seed yield. Increased phenolic compounds appeared to be a defense response to UVB radiation. The growth enhancements observed by doubling of [CO2] were not observed when plants were grown in combination with elevated UVB or temperature which also showed the most detrimental effects on plant growth and seed yield. Results form Experiment I and II revealed that cowpea reproductive traits were highly sensitive to abiotic stresses compared to the vegetative growth and development. A total stress response index (TSRI) technique, derived from all vegetative and reproductive parameters, was used to screen genotypes for their stress tolerance to UVB or combination of stresses. An increase in water use efficiency while maintaining higher rate of photosynthesis was an important drought tolerance mechanism in tolerant cowpea genotypes. Using principal component analysis technique, four groups of the genotypes were.
Author: Wei Gao
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 364203313X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 565
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Book Description
Numerous studies report that ultraviolet (UV) radiation is harmful to living organisms and detrimental to human health. Growing concerns regarding the increased levels of UV-B radiation that reach the earth's surface have led to the development of ground- and space-based measurement programs. Further study is needed on the measurement, modeling, and effects of UV radiation. The chapters of this book describe the research conducted across the globe over the past three decades in the areas of: (1) current and predicted levels of UV radiation and its associated impact on ecosystems and human health, as well as economic and social implications; (2) new developments in UV instrumentation, advances in calibration (ground- and satellite-based), measurement methods, modeling efforts, and their applications; and (3) the effects of global climate change on UV radiation. Dr. Wei Gao is a Senior Research Scientist and the Director of the USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. Dr. Gao is a SPIE fellow and serves as the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. Dr. Daniel L. Schmoldt is the National Program Leader for instrumentation and sensors at the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dr. Schmoldt served as joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Computers & Electronics in Agriculture, from 1997 to 2004. Dr. James R. Slusser retired in 2007 from the USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program at Colorado State University. He was active in the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Meteorological Society. Dr. Slusser is currently pursuing his interests in solar energy and atmospheric transmission.
Author: Azamal Husen
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000570606
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 283
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Book Description
Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants presents information on the impact of environmental pollution on the performance of medicinal plants at various levels including damage detection, adaptation, tolerance, and physiological and molecular responses. This title draws attention not only to seeking new bioactive compounds for herbal drug preparation, but also on ensuring high standards of quality through evaluation of the chemical purity of medicinal plants growing under polluted conditions. It discusses the latest trends and responses of medicinal plants, indicating their tolerance and adaptation to environmental pollution. This book also focuses on secondary metabolites, phytochemicals, and bioactive compounds associated with medicinal plants growing in contaminated conditions. This book will be indispensable for students and professionals working in the field of environmental pollution, medicinal plants, and herbal medicine, as well as for plant biologists, economic botanists, molecular biologists, and biotechnologists. . KEY FEATURES Explains the global trend of environmental pollution and its impact on medicinal herbs with the help of clear text and attractive illustrations. Provides a comprehensive overview of medicinal plants and their interaction with environmental pollution in terms of damage detection, repair, acclimation, tolerance, adaptation, and physiological responses. Discusses the production of secondary metabolites, phytochemicals, and bioactive compounds (used for herbal drug preparation) in medicinal plants growing in the vicinity of contamination and pollution load. Highlights opportunities and future challenges in "omics" studies on medicinal plants.
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Author: Faisal Elgasim Ahmed
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cowpea
Languages : en
Pages : 242
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Book Description
Author: Vijay Rani Rajpal
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319995731
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 260
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Book Description
The abiotic stresses like drought, temperature, cold, salinity, heavy metals etc. affect a great deal on the yield performance of the agricultural crops. To cope up with these challenges, plant breeding programs world-wide are focussing on the development of stress tolerant varieties in all crop species. Significant genomic advances have been made for abiotic stress tolerance in various crop species in terms of availability of molecular markers, QTL mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) strategies, and transcriptome profiling. The broad-range of articles involving genomics and breeding approaches deepens our existing knowledge about complex traits. The chapters are written by authorities in their respective fields. This book provides comprehensive and consolidated account on the applications of the most recent findings and the progress made in genomics assisted breeding for tolerance to abiotic stresses in many important major crop species with a focus on applications of modern strategies for sustainable agriculture. The book is especially intended for students, molecular breeders and scientists working on the genomics-assisted genetic improvement of crop species for abiotic stress tolerance.
Author: Rafiul Amin Laskar
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832521614
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 419
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Book Description
Legumes (family Fabaceae) comprise a diverse range of crops grown worldwide, which are important constituents of sustainable agriculture and harbour a role in improving human and livestock health. Legumes serve as a rich source of plant-based proteins, rank second in nutrition value after cereals, and are ideal to supplement a protein-deficient cereal-based human diet. Legumes also provide other essential services to agriculture through their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, recycle nutrients, enhance soil carbon content, and diversify cropping systems. Legume production and seed quality are affected by a range of biotic (pests, insect diseases, and weeds) and abiotic stresses (drought, heat, frost, and salinity). In addition to this, rapidly changing climate, shrinking arable land, erratic rainfalls, and depleting water and other natural resources impact legume production and threaten food and nutrition security worldwide. Persistent demand for legume crops is existing to fulfil the food requirements of an ever-growing human population. Therefore, legume breeders and geneticists have employed different conventional and modern breeding strategies to improve yield, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, grain quality, and nutritional and nutraceutical properties. Conventional breeding strategies are laborious, time consuming, expensive, and inefficient to achieve the desired goals. However, advanced breeding techniques such as alien gene introgression, genomics-assisted breeding, transgenic technology, speed breeding, association and mapping studies, genome editing, and omics will contribute to sustainable agriculture and food security.
Author: Mohamed A. El-Esawi
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1839680865
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Legumes are flowering plants found in most of the archeological records of plants. Legumes are efficiently used as food crops for humans and animals, pulps for paper and timber manufacturing, sources for fuel and oil production, ornamental plants, and cover crops such as cereals and other staple foods. Additionally, they can be utilized for other purposes, including the production of massive amounts of organic nitrogen. This book reviews the fundamental advances related to the characterization and breeding of legume crops for improved food security. Moreover, it sheds new light on the current research trends and future research directions related to legume crop studies. This book will provoke interest for various readers, researchers, and scientists, who may find this information useful for the advancement of legume productivity.
Author: Durai Pandian
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Cowpea is the common legume crop plant widely cultivated in all over the world for human consumption and animal feed. The global biological name of cowpea is Vigna unguiculta (L.) Walp. The crop is cultivated globally in all warm-seasons, semiarid or specifically tropical regions by even poor farmers but originated from anciently to Africa. Cowpea able to grow in even variety of polluted soils and able to grow vigorously withstand in both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Morphologically herbaceous dicotyledonous plant, grow annually. The entire plant parts of Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp such as dry seeds, leaves, roots and pods consumed by all humans and animals Cowpea has rich in nutrition, vitamins and minerals so preferred by many farmers cultivated as intercrop with other cereals. In this review able to discuss the nutritional, medicinal as well as ecological significance. The seeds of cowpea have high content of proteins, fiber foods like carbohydrates, low cholesterol, minerals and vitamins. The nutrient value is higher and delay hungry sense in cowpea when compare to other cereals or pulses. The cowpea used for various medical aspects to lower cholesterol, promote body growth, iron source to increase blood cells, improve gall bladder function, maintain good circulatory system, increase insulin production, decrease body weight and do excellent antioxidant mechanism. The black eye pea also maintains good health to reduce both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Cowpea to form symbioses with variety of beneficial soil microorganisms to increase soil fertility, soil-root aeration, improve humidity and do fix atmospheric nitrogen to reduce global warming, climate change and also increase activity of biogeochemical cycle in the environment. In future people focus on to cultivate cowpea with to increase global production in all countries.
Author: Severin Polreich
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN: 3736937008
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 170
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Book Description
This study presents a method to assess yield performance of dual-purpose cowpea types for human consumption and to reveal potentials for further improvement of its use as leafy vegetable. Eleven cowpea accessions with different genetic background and sample status were chosen from AVRDC’s working collection in Arusha, Tanzania. Among them, dual-purpose cowpeas like Dakawa, Ex Iseke and Ngoji were present that the center has been distributing to local farmers. Multi-location trials in typical cowpea production environments were established both on farm and on station in the regions Arusha, Dodoma, and Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and in Eastern Region, Uganda during the short and long rainy season 2007 and 2008, respectively. Young, tender leaves were picked in successive leaf harvests about every and two weeks until the plants did not produce further leaves. Cowpea seeds were harvested when pods reached 80% maturity. Data of yield parameters were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), stability analyses were carried out according to the dynamic and static concepts. Reliability of leaf and seed yield performances were calculated based on the probability of outperformance of local check cowpeas that were previously recommended by farmers and extension workers in informal group sessions. Through NIRS, crude protein and iron contents were assessed in leaves obtained from the second leaf harvests at the different locations and from up to subsequent leaf harvests. Dual-purpose utility for smallholders was assessed through (i) an index of superiority (Si), in which reliabilities of leaf yield across repeated leaf harvests and seed yield were weighed and combined to overall yield benefit of the ith accession, (ii) effective plot length for nutritional component XY, to calculate the length of a plot (in m) that needs to be planted to sustain a five-head household for ten days with a recommended amount of nutrients, and (iii) responsiveness (Resp), reflecting changes of leaf yield (compensation) relative to changes in seed yield (sensitiveness) if harvesting frequency was intensified. Performance of single leaf yields was strongly influenced by environmental factors and, only in Arusha, accession-specific. Interactions between yield reliability and stability were site-specific. Overall, test-accessions achieved higher reliabilities in seed yield than in leaf yield. Only in the on-station trial in Eastern Region, accession IT82D-889, and in the on-farm trial in Kilimanjaro, ILRI11114 and Ex Iseke showed leaf yield reliabilities above 0.50. Iron content in cowpea leaves was highly dependent on environmental influences and varied from 157.4 mg kg-1 to 286.1 mg kg-1. Leaf CP had a broad-sense heritability of 0.87. Across accessions and environments the mean leaf CP content ranged from 37.4% of DM (IT93K-2045-29) to 33.9% of DM (Sudan). CP and leaf dry matter (DM) yield had significantly negative correlation coefficients between. Means of effective plot length for crude protein and iron varied by more than 50% across environments. Although CP, in contrast to iron, was genetically determined, its impact on differences in effective plot length was negligible as well, as differences in production of leaf DM per m2 were by far larger among accessions than those of CP contents. It was recommended to favor accessions with short effective plot lengths and higher CP contents in leaf yields over those with short effective plot lengths and low CP contents. In contrast to determinate cowpeas, indeterminate types increased their DM gain in aerial plant parts of leaf-harvested plants relatively to unharvested plants. Indeterminate cowpeas responded with high leaf yield increases if leaves were picked twice a week. Consequently yields of total edible DM of these plant types, comprising added seed and leaf yields, increased with intensification of leaf-harvesting frequency from once to twice a week. Determinate plant types yielded highest in total edible DM when only seed was harvested or in less intensive leaf-harvesting scenarios. Accessions with favorable responsiveness, reflecting leaf yield changes relative to seed yield changes under intensified leaf-harvesting frequency, were Sudan, ILRI11114, and IT93K2045-29. In contrast, Resps of SAM45 and ILRI15742 were poorest. Traits have to be identified that could explicitly improve Resp of cowpea types. Improving quantitative yield parameters should not result in quality decrease. The dual-purpose characteristics of local checks were mainly superior to the eleven test-accessions pointing to a demand on improved leaf yield performance that is not merely total leaf yield amount but also the continuance during repeated leaf harvesting. By the proposed method the status quo of a defined location, i.e. site-specific demands on germplasm, can be included in the analysis, serving as benchmark for improvement if the local check is chosen carefully. Since single leaf yields are the results of fairly complex and dynamic interactions between plant physiological processes and environmental conditions it is essential to conduct participatory variety selection and plant breeding trials for dual-purpose assessments in target environments and not ex situ.
