Developing a Nutrient Recovery Process for Recovering Nutrients in Anaerobic Digestate in Low Income Countries PDF Download
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Author: Christopher Rose
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Matias B. Vanotti
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889632199
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 153
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Global demand for mineral fertilizers is continuously increasing, while large amounts of organic wastes are being disposed without use as a resource, resulting in soil, water and air pollution. Current trends of intensification, expansion and agglomeration of livestock production result in a net import of nutrients that lead to a surplus in some production areas. Therefore, new processes and technologies to recover and re-use nutrients from both solid and liquid wastes are desirable to close the loop on the nutrient cycle in modern human society and address future scarcity of non-renewable nutrients and fossil-based fertilizers. This Research Topic aims to present scientific progress regarding processes and technologies that allow recovery and re-use of nutrients from wastes, the selective recovery of mineral nutrients (ammonia and phosphates), the production of new organic fertilizers, and evaluation of their relative agronomic efficiency. The articles within provide a stronger recognition of the importance of nutrient recovery and upcycling in the new horizons of the circular economy.
Author: Christopher Rose
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Ken Ashley
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843392321
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 846
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Paperback + CD-ROM Closing the loop for nutrients in wastewaters (municipal sewage, animal wastes, food industry, commercial and other liquid waste streams) is a necessary, sustainable development objective, to reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Chemistry, engineering and process integration understanding are all developing quickly, as new processes are now coming online. A new "paradigm" is emerging, globally. Commercial marketing of recovered nutrients as "green fertilizers" or recycling of nutrients through biomass production to new outlets, such as bioenergy, is becoming more widespread. This exciting conference brings together various waste stream industries, regulators, researchers, process engineers and commercial managers, to develop a broad-based, intersectional understanding and joint projects for phosphorus and nitrogen recovery from wastewater streams, as well as reuse. Over 90 papers from over 30 different countries presented in this volume. This conference is sponsored by: • Metro Vancouver • Global Phosphate Forum • Stantec Consulting Ltd. • The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM) • Ostara Nutrient Recovery Technologies, Inc. (ONRTI) • The University of British Columbia (UBC) • The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • The British Columbia Water and Wastewater Association (BCWWA) • The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE) • The Ostara Research Foundation (ORF)
Author: Kevin Orner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nutrient pollution of water
Languages : en
Pages : 128
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Book Description
Efforts to remove and recover nutrients from wastewater are motivated by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the National Academy of Engineering Grand Challenges of Engineering. Of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), multiple SDGs relate to managing nutrients in wastewater. SDG 6, which is to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all,” contains targets that aim to improve water quality by reducing pollution, halve the amount of untreated wastewater released to the environment, and increase recycling and safe reuse of wastewater (UN, 2017). SDG 2 seeks to improve food security and SDG 12 seeks to sustainably manage natural resources. Similarly, the National Academy of Engineering Grand Challenges of Engineering highlight managing the nitrogen cycle and providing access to clean water (NAE, 2019). Centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have historically been designed to remove nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) and other contaminants prior to discharge. Modern wastewater treatment practices integrate recovery of resources including nutrients, energy, and water. The many available technologies, coupled with competing priorities, can complicate community decision-making on the choice of technology and the scale at which to implement the technology (i.e. building, community, or city), as well as determining how new upstream treatment may affect existing downstream treatment. Technologies that recover energy or manage nutrients such as anaerobic digestion, struvite precipitation, and microbial fuel cells can be implemented at a variety of scales in urban settings and may also be viable for influent types such as agricultural waste. Therefore, the overall goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals through the removal and recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from a variety of influents at a variety of scales. One type of decision-making tool that assists in the choice of nutrient management technologies is a House of Quality. I developed a tool based on the House of Quality that integrated multiple priorities at three scales in a sewershed and produced rankings that generally align with current wastewater treatment practice. Accordingly, top-ranked city-scale technologies are those commonly employed (e.g. A2O, oxidation ditch) that use the dissolved organic carbon present in the wastewater to drive denitrification. Similarly, conventional treatment (e.g. flush toilet connected to a sewer) is ranked highest at the building scale because of its easy maintenance, small footprint, and inoffensive aesthetics. However, future trends such as technology development will likely affect the technologies, weightings, and scores and therefore improve the ranking of novel and emerging technologies. This trend may be amplified by the implementation of test beds, which can provide opportunities to improve the technical characteristics of developing technologies while minimizing risk for municipalities. The House of Quality planning tool was utilized in an in silico case study to analyze nutrient management technologies at three scales across the Northwest Regional Water Reclamation Facility sewershed in Hillsborough County, FL. The study demonstrated that employing treatment technologies upstream from the centralized wastewater treatment (i.e. building-scale source separation and community-scale technologies) could reduce nitrogen loading to the mainstream treatment train by over 50%. Sidestream treatment (i.e. the liquid effluent of anaerobic digestion that typically recycles back to the beginning of the mainstream treatment process) has minimal impact in nitrogen reduction, but is effective in reducing phosphorus loading to the mainstream due to high quantities of phosphorus recycling back to the head of the plant. These results can inform decision-makers about which context-specific nutrient management technologies to consider at a variety of scales, and illustrate that sidestream technologies can be the most effective in reducing phosphorus loading while building- and community-scale technologies can be most effective in reducing nitrogen loading to the centralized treatment plant. Struvite precipitation and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be used in combination to manage nutrients and recover energy in sidestreams of centralized WWTPs. Because the liquid effluent from engineered struvite precipitation often contains high concentrations of total nitrogen, I constructed and demonstrated a fixed-film nitrification reactor and a two-chambered MFC to further reduce total nitrogen and recover energy. The primary benefit of the MFC in the technology demonstrated here is not its ability to produce energy, but rather its ability to remove additional nitrogen through nitritation and denitritation. The sidestream nutrient removal prevents nutrients from returning to mainstream treatment, reducing operational costs. Such improvements to wastewater treatment processes can facilitate the transition to the resource recovery facility of the future by becoming a net-energy producer while also achieving the simultaneous benefits of nutrient recovery/removal and reduced costs associated with mainstream treatment. Nutrients and energy can also be recovered in agricultural settings. In this dissertation I studied an agricultural waste treatment system comprising a small-scale tubular anaerobic digester integrated with a low-cost, locally produced struvite precipitation reactor. This study investigated two digesters that treated swine waste in rural Costa Rica. I also facilitated construction of a pilot-scale struvite precipitation reactor that was built on site using local labor and local materials for approximately $920. Local products such as bittern (magnesium source) and soda ash (base) allowed for the production of struvite, a fertilizer that can replace synthetic fertilizer for rural farmers. Liquid-phase concentrations of PO43-P and NH4+-N in agricultural wastewater increased by averages of 131% and 116%, respectively, due to release from the swine waste during anaerobic digestion. Despite this increase in liquid-phase concentrations, an average of 25% of total phosphorus and 4% of total nitrogen was removed from the influent swine manure through sedimentation in the digesters. During struvite precipitation, an average of 79% of PO43-P and 12% of NH4+-N was removed from the waste stream and produced a solid with percentages (mass basis) of Mg, N, P of 9.9%, 2.4%, and 12.8%, respectively, indicating that struvite (MgNH4PO4) was likely formed. The treatment system offers multiple benefits to the local community: improved sanitation, removal of nutrients to prevent eutrophication, recovery of struvite as a fertilizer, and production of a final effluent stream that is suitable quality to be used in aquaculture. These are examples of how, more generally, quantifying nutrient recovery from agricultural waste and understanding recovery mechanisms can facilitate progress toward multiple sustainable development goals by improving sanitation, promoting sustainable management of wastes and natural resources, improving food security, and supporting local ecosystems. Managing nutrients from a variety of influent types at different scales can contribute to the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals. Worldwide trends of population growth and resource depletion highlight the need for models to easily allow decision-makers the ability to understand the fate of nutrients and implement infrastructure accordingly.
Author: Mianfeng Zhang
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780355149289
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Renewable energy with its benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and substituting depleted fossil energy plays more and more important role nowadays. Anaerobic digestion, which converts biodegradable materials through a series of biochemical conversion processes, can contribute a significant portion of renewable energy. Meanwhile, as an alternative pathway for organic waste treatment process, anaerobic digestion can successfully achieve waste treatment and renewable energy production in well-controlled anaerobic digestion system. However, the effluent from anaerobic digesters usually contains ammonia and residual organic nitrogen, as well as other nutrients, salts and organic compounds that require proper treatment in order to reduce the environmental impact and recover values. Thus, digester effluent treatment is important for the development and deployment of anaerobic digestion technologies. In order to develop an efficient organic waste to renewable energy conversion process, a thorough study including feedstock characterization, pilot scale and large scale anaerobic digester facility feasibility test, effluent treatment process efficiency evaluation and life cycle assessment of large scale anaerobic digester facility was conducted. In feedstock characterization, eight types of organic wastes including tomato waste, tomato pomace, rice straw, commercial food waste, supermarket vegetable waste and egg liquid waste were selected as representations of various organic waste sources in California. All the samples were analyzed for their physical characteristics and chemical compositions including total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and nutrient contents and the biogas potentials of these selected organic wastes were investigated in batch anaerobic digestion test. As a result, all the selected waste streams were determined to have relatively good biogas potentials. Commercial food waste and supermarket vegetable waste had high biogas yield of 937 ml/g VS and 809 ml/g VS. On the other hand, rice straw, chicken manure and cardboard had relatively lower biogas yields of 565 ml/g VS, 447 ml/g VS and 396 ml/g VS, respectively. Although, biogas potentials varied based on the characteristics of the waste streams, all the selected waste were considered to be good feedstocks for anaerobic digestion due to their high organic content. Co-digestion of multiple organic waste can effectively adjust C/N ratio of the feedstocks and improve biogas production. Co-digestion of manure and food waste was studied in a pilot-scale high solids, two phase, thermophilic anaerobic digestion system. A pilot scale anaerobic digester was operated for five-month with mixed food wastes and dairy manure as feedstock. During the five-month operation, dairy manure had an average total solid content of 32% and average volatile solid content of 16%. Food waste had lower average solid content of 25% but higher average VS/TS ratio of 94%. The overall average biogas yield was 613 ml/g VS and average methane content was 62%. As a result of ammonia accumulation during the operation, ammonia concentration increased over the five months and reached up 4,172 mg/L after 10-week operation. High ammonia concentration may cause inhibition to microbial activity and reduce biogas production, thus proper treatment process would be required for long term operation. An integrated system consisting of biological treatment and membrane separation was investigated and developed to recover the nutrients from the effluent of anaerobic digesters. The system design includes a continuous aerobic process to reduce organic content and remove odor and then following two steps of membrane separation (microfiltration and reverse osmosis) for nitrogen recovery. Microfiltration could effectively remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total solids (TS) with removal efficiency of 85%, 89% and 72%, respectively. Reverse osmosis (RO) could effectively recover nitrogen from the effluent with removal efficiency of 99%. The integrated system was able to successfully recover 73% of the ammonia nitrogen from the digester effluent into concentrate stream of RO, which only accounted for 16% of the initial volume. The UC Davis Renewable Energy Anaerobic Digester (READ) facility was evaluated for the feasibility and stability of the performance of a large scale anaerobic digester system. During one year start-up operation, READ facility was able to successfully process various organic waste streams and maintain stable functional conditions. A life cycle assessment (LCA) study was also conducted to evaluate the energy and environmental impact of READ facility. The annual Green House Gas (GHG) emissions of READ was estimated to be 98.2 metric tons CO2e/year for processing approximately 13,000 tons of organic waste per year. A carbon intensity (CI) value of 5.39 CO2e/MJ of the electricity fuel produced by READ was also determined as outcome of this LCA study. This CI value indicates that anaerobic digester systems can not only be an effective waste treatment process but also become a feasible approach to meet low carbon fuel standard (LCFS).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 285
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Anaerobic digestion is a worldwide technology to treat organic waste streams, primarily due to its capacity to produce methane as renewable energy. However, there is an increasing interest on nutrient recovery (N and P), which from both environmental and economic reasons have been identified as key feature in anaerobic digestion plants. Controlled struvite formation has been attracting increasing attention as a near mature technology to recover nutrients from anaerobic digestion. However, struvite feasibility is generally limited by the high cost of chemical reagents. Because the economic feasibility of struvite is heavily influenced by reagent cost, several authors have trialled lower-cost magnesium sources. Studies to date on struvite precipitation with MgO have largely focused on the aqueous phase, with little attention given to the preceeding MgO dissolution. However, the observations noted above suggest that there may be opportunity to better understand, intervene and improve dissolution and access to MgO. The present study uses experiments and chemistry modelling to evaluate and better understand TAN removal from pig manure using MgO. Tests were performed with four industrial magnesium oxide (MgO) from natural magnesite calcination: a commercial high grade MgO (HGMgO) as well as a number of low-grade MgO (LGMgOs) by-products. All these MgO reagents were also pre-treated with phosphoric acid and tested separately after pre-treatment. The study focussed on the underlying chemistry to show how reactivity and dissolution of the various magnesium by-products influenced struvite precipitation and TAN removal performance. Moreover, another option to minimise struvite precipitation cost is to combine struvite precipitation and AD in the same reactor. Several authors have studied the addition of magnesium reagents (MgCl2 and Mg(OH)2) to precipitate struvite during anaerobic digestion, causing in some cases inhibition by pH or cation toxicity. However, to our knowledge, no references bave been found evaluating the utilization of magnesium by- products within the reactor to precipitate struvite during anaerobic digestion. In this study struvite precipitation and pig manure anaerobic digestion were coupled in the same reactor in order to mitigate the inhibitory effect of free ammonia and avoid precipitator costs. The stabilizing agent used to facilitate struvite precipitation was formulated with low-grade magnesium oxide by-product; an approach that would notably reduce struvite processing costs. Therefore, the feasibility of coupling anaerobic digestion and struvite precipitation in the same reactor was evaluated to enhance manure anaerobic digestion methane yields through ammonia inhibition mitigation. Five different magnesium sources were tested as struvite (ammonia sequestration agent) precursor, i.e. MgCl2, Mg(OH)2, two industrial by-products rich in MgO but with different reactivity, and a stabilizing agent. The latter was formulated in advance with the low reactivity industrial by-product and phosphoric acid. The effect of each magnesium source on anaerobic digestion as well as its struvite precipitation capacity was evaluated through a series biomethane potential test. However, a long term anaerobic digester operation was required to assess the feasibility of the process and to ensure that the stabilizing agent does not introduce any harmful compound for the anaerobic biomass. In this vein, the -3 addition of 5 and 30 kg m of the stabilizing agent in a pig manure continuous digester 3 -1 3 -1 resulted in a 25% (0.17 m kg ) and a 40% (0.19 m kg ) increase in methane production per mass of volatile solid, respectively, when compared with the reference digester (0.13 3 -1 m kg ). Moreover, the stability of the process during four hydraulic retention times guarantees that the stabilizing agent did not exert a negative effect on the consortium of microorganisms.
Author: Suzette P. Galinato
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural wastes as fuel
Languages : en
Pages : 14
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Book Description
Anaerobic digesters are used worldwide to produce bioenergy and sustainably treat organic waste from municipal, industrial, and agricultural operations. This publication analyzes the economic feasibility of three nutrient recovery technologies that work in tandem with anaerobic digester systems. The Anaerobic Digestion Systems Series provides research based information to improve decision-making for incorporating, augmenting, and maintaining anaerobic digestion systems for manures and food by-products.
Author: Céline Vaneeckhaute
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 473
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The increasing awareness of natural resource depletion, the increasing demand of nutrients and energy for food production, and the more and more stringent nutrient discharge and fertilization levels, have resulted in an increased attention for nutrient recovery from municipal and agricultural wastes. This PhD dissertation aims at stimulating the transition to a bio-based economy by providing (tools to develop) sustainable strategies for nutrient recovery from organic wastes following bio-energy production through anaerobic digestion (= bio-digestion waste). Particular attention is paid to the valorization of the recovered products as renewable substitutes for chemical fertilizers and/or as sustainable organo-mineral fertilizers in agriculture. Three complementary research phases were conducted: 1) technology inventory and product classification, 2) product value evaluation, 3) process modelling and optimization. In the first phase, a systematic technology review and product classification was performed. In phase 2, product characterizations and mass balance analyses at full-scale waste(water) resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) were executed. An economic and ecological evaluation of different bio-based fertilization scenarios was conducted and the most sustainable scenarios were selected for subsequent agronomic evaluation at field and greenhouse scale. In phase 3, a generic nutrient recovery model library was developed aiming at fertilizer quantity and quality as model outputs. Increased insights in unit process performance and interactions were obtained through global sensitivity analyses. The models were successfully used as a tool for treatment train configuration and optimization. Based on all acquired knowledge, a generic roadmap for setting up nutrient recovery strategies as function of fertilizer markets, legislations, and waste characterization was established. As such, the present dissertation further develops the concepts of maximally closing nutrient cycles in a cradle-to-cradle approach. The work reveals important evidence of the positive impact of recovered products on the economy, agronomy, and ecology of intensive plant production. Moreover, it provides the fundamental information and tools to facilitate the implementation and optimization of sustainable nutrient recovery strategies. All of this may open up new opportunities for sustainable and more bio-based economic growth and thus create a win-win situation for the environment, the society, and the economy in Belgium, Canada, and beyond.
Author: Sana Heydarian
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Eutrophication
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Recovering nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from wastewater streams offers a promising solution to combat the eutrophication of natural water bodies and reduce operational costs in wastewater treatment plants. This will also introduce a sustainable P resource for agricultural activities and industry. This study utilized an impeller-planar electrochemical setup for P recovery from synthetic municipal digester supernatant, focusing on two main objectives. Firstly, a dimensionless correlation between mass and fluid transport was developed to investigate the effect of flow transfer and physical conditions on the mass transfer. Secondly, a Plackett-Burman design was employed to perform statistical screening analysis on ten variables classified into operational, design, and stream categories. Subsequently, the key variables affecting the P recovery and electrochemical specific energy consumption were introduced.
Author: Mukesh Kumar Meghvansi
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811949212
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Book Description
The edited book brings out a comprehensive synthesis of latest scientific literature covering various important aspects of anaerobic biodigesters for human waste management that ranges from latest understanding on fundamental concepts/mechanisms of anaerobic biodigestion, modern tools and techniques used in process evaluation, current strategies being recruited for the performance enhancement, and case studies/ success stories across the world on applications of biodigesters used in human waste treatment. The anaerobic biodigestion is a process of break-down of organic waste by anaerobic microorganisms in absence of the oxygen. This process has been conventionally used for treating various types of organic waste including sewage sludge. After optimizing various process parameters, researchers have developed anaerobic biodigesters that have been successfully used for human waste (nigh soil) treatment. The topic of human waste treatment assumes global significance in the wake of UN sustainable Development Goals (SDG) wherein SDG-6 specifically highlights the Sanitation for all by 2030. The anaerobic Biodigester technology has the potential to manage the human waste as well and can contribute immensely in achieving targets of UN-SDG-6. This book is of interest to researchers, academicians, scientists, policy officials and capacity builders. Also the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of environmental Biotechnology. National and international biotechnologists, environmental engineers and sanitation experts also find this to be a useful read.
