Deterministic and Stochastic Processes Lead to Divergence in Plant Communities 25 Years After the 1988 Yellowstone Fires PDF Download
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Author: William H. Romme
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fire
Languages : en
Pages : 25
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Book Description
Young, recently burned forests are increasingly widespread throughout western North America, but forest development after large wildfires is not fully understood, especially regarding effects of variable burn severity, environmental heterogeneity, and changes in drivers over time. We followed development of subalpine forests after the 1988 Yellowstone fires by periodically re-sampling permanent plots established soon after the fires. We asked two questions about patterns and processes over the past 25 years: (1) Are plant species richness and community composition converging or diverging across variation in elevation, soils, burn severity, and post-fire lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) density? (2) What are the major controls on post-fire species composition, and has the relative importance of controls changed over time? For question 1, we sampled 10-m2 plots (n=552) distributed among three geographic areas that differ in elevation and substrate; plots spanned the spectrum of fire severities and were re-sampled periodically from 1991-2013. For question 2, we sampled 0.25-ha plots (n=72), broadly distributed across areas that burned as stand-replacing fire, in 1999 and 2012. Richness and species composition diverged early on between infertile low-elevation areas (lower richness) and more fertile high-elevation areas (greater richness). Richness increased rapidly for the first five years post-fire, then leveled off or increased only slowly thereafter. Only 6% of 227 recorded species were non-native. Some annuals and species with heat-stimulated soil seed banks were associated with severely burned sites. However, most post-fire species had been present before the fire; many survived as roots or rhizomes and regenerated rapidly by sprouting. Among the 72 plots, substrate, temperature, and precipitation (the abiotic template) were consistently important drivers of community composition in 1999 and 2012. Post-fire lodgepole pine abundance was not significant in 1999 but was the most important driving variable by 2012, with a negative effect on presence of most understory species, especially annuals and shade-intolerant herbs. Burn severity was significant in 1999 but not in 2012, and distance to unburned forest had no influence in either year. The 1988 fires did not fundamentally alter subalpine forest community assemblages in Yellowstone, and ecological memory conferred resilience to high-severity fire.
Author: William H. Romme
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fire
Languages : en
Pages : 25
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Book Description
Young, recently burned forests are increasingly widespread throughout western North America, but forest development after large wildfires is not fully understood, especially regarding effects of variable burn severity, environmental heterogeneity, and changes in drivers over time. We followed development of subalpine forests after the 1988 Yellowstone fires by periodically re-sampling permanent plots established soon after the fires. We asked two questions about patterns and processes over the past 25 years: (1) Are plant species richness and community composition converging or diverging across variation in elevation, soils, burn severity, and post-fire lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) density? (2) What are the major controls on post-fire species composition, and has the relative importance of controls changed over time? For question 1, we sampled 10-m2 plots (n=552) distributed among three geographic areas that differ in elevation and substrate; plots spanned the spectrum of fire severities and were re-sampled periodically from 1991-2013. For question 2, we sampled 0.25-ha plots (n=72), broadly distributed across areas that burned as stand-replacing fire, in 1999 and 2012. Richness and species composition diverged early on between infertile low-elevation areas (lower richness) and more fertile high-elevation areas (greater richness). Richness increased rapidly for the first five years post-fire, then leveled off or increased only slowly thereafter. Only 6% of 227 recorded species were non-native. Some annuals and species with heat-stimulated soil seed banks were associated with severely burned sites. However, most post-fire species had been present before the fire; many survived as roots or rhizomes and regenerated rapidly by sprouting. Among the 72 plots, substrate, temperature, and precipitation (the abiotic template) were consistently important drivers of community composition in 1999 and 2012. Post-fire lodgepole pine abundance was not significant in 1999 but was the most important driving variable by 2012, with a negative effect on presence of most understory species, especially annuals and shade-intolerant herbs. Burn severity was significant in 1999 but not in 2012, and distance to unburned forest had no influence in either year. The 1988 fires did not fundamentally alter subalpine forest community assemblages in Yellowstone, and ecological memory conferred resilience to high-severity fire.
Author: Cathryn H. Greenberg
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030732673
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 513
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Book Description
This edited volume presents original scientific research and knowledge synthesis covering the past, present, and potential future fire ecology of major US forest types, with implications for forest management in a changing climate. The editors and authors highlight broad patterns among ecoregions and forest types, as well as detailed information for individual ecoregions, for fire frequencies and severities, fire effects on tree mortality and regeneration, and levels of fire-dependency by plant and animal communities. The foreword addresses emerging ecological and fire management challenges for forests, in relation to sustainable development goals as highlighted in recent government reports. An introductory chapter highlights patterns of variation in frequencies, severities, scales, and spatial patterns of fire across ecoregions and among forested ecosystems across the US in relation to climate, fuels, topography and soils, ignition sources (lightning or anthropogenic), and vegetation. Separate chapters by respected experts delve into the fire ecology of major forest types within US ecoregions, with a focus on the level of plant and animal fire-dependency, and the role of fire in maintaining forest composition and structure. The regional chapters also include discussion of historic natural (lightning-ignited) and anthropogenic (Native American; settlers) fire regimes, current fire regimes as influenced by recent decades of fire suppression and land use history, and fire management in relation to ecosystem integrity and restoration, wildfire threat, and climate change. The summary chapter combines the major points of each chapter, in a synthesis of US-wide fire ecology and forest management into the future. This book provides current, organized, readily accessible information for the conservation community, land managers, scientists, students and educators, and others interested in how fire behavior and effects on structure and composition differ among ecoregions and forest types, and what that means for forest management today and in the future.
Author: Marc-André Parisien
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3038970999
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 342
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Book Description
This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Wildland Fire, Forest Dynamics, and Their Interactions" that was published in Forests
Author: Karel Prach
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108472761
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 413
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Book Description
Provides a comparative approach to plant succession among all terrestrial biomes and disturbances, helping to reveal generalizable patterns.
Author: Robert G. Woodmansee
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108497551
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 463
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Book Description
Brings scientists, policy makers, land and water managers and citizen stakeholders together to resolve natural resource and environmental problems.
Author: Michael J. Yochim
Publisher: University of New Mexico Press
ISBN: 0826363431
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 304
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Book Description
In his enthusiastic explorations and fervent writing, Michael J. Yochim "was to Yellowstone what Muir was to Yosemite. . . . Other times, his writing is like that of Edward Abbey, full of passion for the natural world and anger at those who are abusing it," writes foreword contributor William R. Lowry. In 2013 Yochim was diagnosed with ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease). While fighting the disease, he wrote Requiem for America's Best Idea. The book establishes a unique parallel between Yochim's personal struggle with a terminal illness and the impact climate change is having on the national parks--the treasured wilderness that he loved and to which he dedicated his life. Yochim explains how climate change is already impacting the vegetation, wildlife, and the natural conditions in Olympic, Grand Canyon, Glacier, Yellowstone, and Yosemite National Parks. A poignant and thought-provoking work, Requiem for America's Best Idea investigates the interactions between people and nature and the world that can inspire and destroy them.
Author: James R. Heffelfinger
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000851559
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 537
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Book Description
Black-tailed and mule deer represent one of the largest distributions of mammals in North America and are symbols of the wide-open American West. Each chapter in this book was authored by the world’s leading experts on that topic. Both editors, James R. Heffelfinger and Paul R. Krausman, are widely published in the popular and scientific press and recipients of the O. C. Wallmo Award, given every two years to a leading black-tailed and mule deer expert who has made significant contributions to the conservation of this species. In addition, Heffelfinger has chaired the Mule Deer Working Group sponsored by the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies for more than 15 years. This working group consists of the leading black-tailed and mule deer experts from each of 24 states, provinces, and territories in western North America, putting them at the forefront of all conservation and much of the research on this species. The book represents all current knowledge available on these deer, including how changing conditions such as fires, habitat alteration and loss, disease, climate change, socio-economic forces, energy development, and other aspects are influencing their distribution and abundance now and into the future. It takes a completely fresh look at all chapter topics. The revisions of distribution, taxonomy, evolution, behavior, and new and exciting work being done in deer nutrition, migration and movements, diseases, predation, and human dimensions are all assembled in this volume. This book will instantly become the foundation for the latest information and management strategies to be implemented on the ground by practitioners and to inform the public. Although this book is about deer, the topics discussed influence most terrestrial wildlife worldwide, and the basic concepts in many of the chapters are applicable to other species.
Author: Nathaniel Kiel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Changing global drivers are eroding ecosystem resilience. As change continues, determining the implications of ecosystem transformations must be coupled with "climate change education" and evidence-based undergraduate biology curricula to train the next generation of scientists. My dissertation addresses each need in turn. First, I use remote sensing and field studies to understand the drivers and effects of poor subalpine forest recovery following large, stand-replacing wildfire in the U.S. Northern Rocky Mountains. I ask: (1) how extensive is forest conversion to sparse or non-forest three decades after the 1988 Yellowstone fires, and what drives its distribution? (2) how does forest conversion affect subalpine forest understory plant communities, aboveground carbon stocks, and the potential for forest recovery? and (3) how do anomalously frequent (30-year fire-return interval) stand-replacing wildfires in forests adapted to historically infrequent (125-year fire-return interval) fires alter understory plant communities? I complement these studies with the development and assessment of new undergraduate curricula on systems thinking and biogeochemical cycling, incorporating gameplay and simple simulation modeling to ask: how do student attitudes toward and understanding of the nitrogen cycle change following game- and inquiry-based learning? Subalpine forest conversion 30 years after the 1988 fires was extensive, covering ~41,000 hectares of previously forested area primarily at higher elevations and further from surrounding unburned forest. While much of this area appears "locked in" to sparse or non-forest, other areas may yet recover to forest owing to seed pressure from ex situ and in situ sources. Understory plant communities increasingly resembled meadow communities where tree densities were lowest, and aboveground carbon stock recovery was diminished. Understory communities were also affected by minimal forest recovery following anomalously frequent fire, with shifts toward shade-intolerant species and species from lower elevation zones adapted to drier conditions. Finally, undergraduate students in an intermediate general ecology course self-identified improved attitudes toward and understanding of the nitrogen cycle, largely attributing these changes to gameplay of "The N Game" and active lecture. This research elucidates how changing climate and disturbance will alter forest ecosystems and how evidence-based teaching approaches may help train undergraduate students to address these and other global challenges.
Author: Robert John Ament
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fire ecology
Languages : en
Pages : 432
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Book Description
Author: Vanessa E. Rubio
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
