Detector Damage at X-ray Free-Electron Laser Sources PDF Download
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Languages : en
Pages : 10
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 10
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5
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Book Description
Newly developed multilayer-based mirrors and optical elements enable the imaging of high-resolution structure and ultrafast dynamics of samples with the soft X-ray free electron laser, FLASH, at DESY in Hamburg. The FLASH free-electron laser (FEL) produces intense ultrashort soft X-ray pulses with more than 108 times higher peak brightness as compared with the most advanced synchrotron radiation sources. This allows time-resolved X-ray imaging and holography of nanostructures with a temporal resolution approaching 10 fs, opening up new studies of laser-matter interactions and the dynamics of correlated systems. In addition, the ultrafast pulses can be used to obtain structural data before the onset of radiation damage. This vastly increases the dose that can be used to record images of biological samples and hence improving the resolution of images. The extreme power of the X-ray pulses poses a challenge, and new methods are required to harness them. The methods developed here will also pave the way to imaging at upcoming hard-X-ray FELs. With those sources, atomic-resolution imaging of single uncrystallized macromolecules may become possible. In the first demonstration of ultrafast X-ray imaging at FLASH, a micron-sized test object was illuminated by a single focused coherent FEL pulse (Fig. 1). The coherent diffraction pattern of the object was recorded in the far field on a CCD detector. This pattern was numerically transformed to a high-resolution image of the object, using an iterative phase retrieval technique. This image, formed without the use of a lens, has a resolution limited only by the wavelength and the angular extent of the CCD detector. The lensless nature of coherent diffractive imaging has the advantage that no optical element need be placed near the object, and it is not necessary to carefully position the object - focusing is performed numerically in the phase retrieval step. However, the experiments at FLASH depended critically on ability to measure the forward scattering from samples with high sensitivity and low contamination. The main experimental challenges are posed by the high pulse intensities, which can reach 1015 W/cm2 in our experiments. We must prevent the direct (undiffracted) FEL beam from hitting and destroying the direct-detection CCD and to prevent out-of-band radiation (plasma emission from the sample) or non-sample scatter from obscuring the coherent diffraction signals. We solved these problems with a unique design that consists of a flat mirror oriented at 45{sup o} to the beam with a hole in the middle (Fig. 2). The direct FEL beam passes through a hole in the mirror whereas the diffracted beam is reflected from the mirror onto a bare CCD. Our mirror design enabled the camera to record diffraction angles between -15{sup o} to +15{sup o}. To reflect scattered light over this wide angle range required a multilayer coating with a very steep lateral gradient. Indeed, the multilayer design had to double in period over only 28 mm. Coherent diffractive imaging was performed with cameras operating at 32 nm, 16 nm, 13.5 nm and 4.5 nm, each utilizing a different multilayer design. The shorter the wavelength the narrower the reflectivity peak width and the higher the specifications for wavelength matching across the optic. Multilayer coatings are artificial structures that may be designed to enhance reflectivity through constructive interference of beams reflected from the many layer interfaces. Such structures are necessary to efficiently reflect soft X-rays at angles of incidence steeper than the critical angle. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a leader in design and fabrication of multilayer x-ray optical components (including lenses, mirrors, beam splitters, synthetic holographic optical components) for the last 25 years. These capabilities were a key ingredient in the success of the Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography project carried out at LLNL and other laboratories. Multilayers with nanometer periods are now indispensable in cutting-edge experiments at FELs, not only as X-ray optics but also as samples. One such application was the use of a multilayer film as a nanostructured sample to study the interaction of FEL pulses with matter. In this case, the measurement of the multilayer reflectivity provided a very accurate way to monitor changes in the atomic positions and the refractive indices of the materials in the layers. In experiments at FLASH it was demonstrated that no structural damage occurred within the multilayer during the short (25 fs duration) FEL pulse to within 0.3 nm. The coherent diffractive imaging technique, with its simple experimental design, has produced perhaps the fastest images ever taken. With future developments in FEL optics it will be possible to perform time-resolved imaging of processes induced by pulses of the same or different wavelength, synchronized to the imaging (probe) pulse.
Author: Eberhard J. Jaeschke
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783319143934
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Hardly any other discovery of the nineteenth century did have such an impact on science and technology as Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen’s seminal find of the X-rays. X-ray tubes soon made their way as excellent instruments for numerous applications in medicine, biology, materials science and testing, chemistry and public security. Developing new radiation sources with higher brilliance and much extended spectral range resulted in stunning developments like the electron synchrotron and electron storage ring and the freeelectron laser. This handbook highlights these developments in fifty chapters. The reader is given not only an inside view of exciting science areas but also of design concepts for the most advanced light sources. The theory of synchrotron radiation and of the freeelectron laser, design examples and the technology basis are presented. The handbook presents advanced concepts like seeding and harmonic generation, the booming field of Terahertz radiation sources and upcoming brilliant light sources driven by laser-plasma accelerators. The applications of the most advanced light sources and the advent of nanobeams and fully coherent x-rays allow experiments from which scientists in the past could not even dream. Examples are the diffraction with nanometer resolution, imaging with a full 3D reconstruction of the object from a diffraction pattern, measuring the disorder in liquids with high spatial and temporal resolution. The 20th century was dedicated to the development and improvement of synchrotron light sources with an ever ongoing increase of brilliance. With ultrahigh brilliance sources, the 21st century will be the century of x-ray lasers and their applications. Thus, we are already close to the dream of condensed matter and biophysics: imaging single (macro)molecules and measuring their dynamics on the femtosecond timescale to produce movies with atomic resolution.
Author: Sébastien Boutet
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030005518
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 486
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Book Description
The timely volume describes recent discoveries and method developments that have revolutionized Structural Biology with the advent of X-ray Free Electron Lasers. It provides, for the first time, a comprehensive examination of this cutting-edge technology. It discusses of-the-moment topics such as growth and detection of nanocrystals, Sample Delivery Techniques for serial femtosecond crystallography, data collection methods at XFELs, and more. This book aims to provide the readers with an overview of the new methods that have been recently developed as well as a prospective on new methods under development. It highlights the most important and novel Structural Discoveries made recently with XFELS, contextualized with a big-picture discussion of future developments.
Author: Tetsuya Kawachi
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319730258
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 421
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Book Description
These proceedings comprise a selection of invited and contributed papers presented at the 15th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers (ICXRL 2016), held at the Nara Kasugano International Forum, Japan, from May 22 to 27, 2016. This conference was part of an ongoing series dedicated to recent developments in the science and technology of x-ray lasers and other coherent x-ray sources with additional focus on supporting technologies, instrumentation and applications. The book showcases recent advances in the generation of intense, coherent x-rays, the development of practical devices and their applications across a wide variety of fields. It also discusses emerging topics such as plasma-based x-ray lasers, 4th generation accelerator-based sources and higher harmonic generations, as well as other x-ray generation schemes.
Author: E.L. Saldin
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3662040662
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 470
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Book Description
The Free Electron Laser (FEL) will be a crucial tool for research and industrial applications. This book describes the physical fundamentals of FELs on the basis of classical mechanics, electrodynamics, and the kinetic theory of charged particle beams, and will be suitable for graduate students and scientists alike. After a short introduction, the book discusses the theory of the FEL amplifier and oscillator, diffraction effects in the amplifier, and waveguide FEL.
Author: Libor Juha
Publisher: SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246
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Book Description
Proceedings of SPIE present the original research papers presented at SPIE conferences and other high-quality conferences in the broad-ranging fields of optics and photonics. These books provide prompt access to the latest innovations in research and technology in their respective fields. Proceedings of SPIE are among the most cited references in patent literature.
Author: Tim Salditt
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030344134
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 634
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Book Description
This open access book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies. Introductory chapters cover the most relevant physics and basic methods that young researchers need to master in order to work effectively in the field of nanoscale photonic imaging, from physical first principles, to instrumentation, to mathematical foundations of imaging and data analysis. Subsequent chapters demonstrate how these cutting edge methods are applied to a variety of systems, including complex fluids and biomolecular systems, for visualizing their structure and dynamics, in space and on timescales extending over many orders of magnitude down to the femtosecond range. Progress in nanoscale photonic imaging in Göttingen has been the sum total of more than a decade of work by a wide range of scientists and mathematicians across disciplines, working together in a vibrant collaboration of a kind rarely matched. This volume presents the highlights of their research achievements and serves as a record of the unique and remarkable constellation of contributors, as well as looking ahead at the future prospects in this field. It will serve not only as a useful reference for experienced researchers but also as a valuable point of entry for newcomers.
Author: Kiyoshi Ueda
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3038428795
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 457
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Book Description
This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "X-Ray Free-Electron Laser" that was published in Applied Sciences
Author: Alexander Wlodawer
Publisher: Humana Press
ISBN: 9781493969982
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 672
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Book Description
This volume provides methods for modern macromolecular crystallography, including all steps leading to crystal structure determination and analysis. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Protein Crystallography aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.
