Demand and Supply in the Oregon Grass Seed Industry PDF Download
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Author: James T. Ryan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grass seed industry
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Analyse van de markt voor graszaad in de Verenigde Staten, 1959-1978
Author: James T. Ryan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grass seed industry
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
Analyse van de markt voor graszaad in de Verenigde Staten, 1959-1978
Author: James T. Ryan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Bizhan Ghasedi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grass seed industry
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Book Description
This thesis examines how two grass seed industries respond to changes in the production environment. Two sets of factors are necessary to understand what adjustments would be made. First, it is necessary to know the nature of the markets and whether market power is being exerted. Second we need to know the relative demand and supply elasticities for the products. The Oregon cool season grass seed industry is selected for a number of reasons. First, the banning or restriction of grass seed burning is a legislative change that would increase production costs. Second, U.S production and processing of cool season grass seed is concentrated in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Finally, the Federal Plant Variety Act of 1970, has given the firms in the grass seed industry exclusive rights over the private varieties that they develop for a period of 18 years. Having an exclusive right over the marketing of specific varieties may provide opportunity for some price-setting behavior. The behavioral demand equations at the wholesale level and the supply equations at the farm level are estimated The degree of market power is parameterized and included in demand and supply equations using the methodology introduced by Bresnahan[l982], The demand and supply equations in conjunction with the structural equation obtained by solving for the first order condition are simultaneously estimated using a non-linear Three Stage Least Squares regression to obtain the estimates for all the parameters including the parameters of market power. While the t-test suggests that perfectly competitive market structure cannot be rejected, the large standard errors for both grass seed types reduce the conclusiveness of these results. Subsequently a series of the Wald tests were implemented for each market. Tests fail to reject the null hypothesis of a perfectly competitive market structure for both markets but did reject both monopoly or monopsony market structure. Based on a perfectly competitive structure, the demand and supply equations at the farm level were then constructed, and demand and supply elasticities were estimated at that level using two stage least squares. For annual ryegrass the demand elasticity is three times greater than the supply elasticity, suggesting that approximately three-fourths of production cost increase would be borne by the producers. In contrast, for perennial ryegrass the demand and supply elasticities at the farm level were almost the same. This suggests that a production cost increase would be distributed among the producers and consumers of perennial ryegrass seed in a largely equal fashion.
Author: Esteban Vega-H
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grass seed industry
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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Book Description
This research examines whether alternative methods of export commodity promotion and market development, such as technical training and trade servicing activities, have been successful in increasing the demand for grass seed produced in Oregon in international markets. A single equation linear input demand model and a linear model adjusted to introduce the effects of habit were those most successful in explaining the demand for grass seed imports in the selected sample of countries. The results show that market development and promotional initiatives, undertaken by the Oregon Seed Council and partially financed by the Market Access Program, have successfully increased the demand for grass seed in Chile and China, countries where they were undertaken. Positive net rates of return for promotion, based on current and expected future values minus seed production cost, have been obtained for both Chile and China, for the entire sample of years.
Author: Edgar A. Hyer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grasses
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Author: Jagjit Singh Brar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 236
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Open field burning is the lowest-cost method of harvest residue disposal used extensively by grass seed producers in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. The beneficial effects of open field burning include effective disease control and increased seed yields. However, smoke produced by open burning in the late summer pollutes valley air, reduces visibility, and possibly poses traffic and health hazards. The growing concern among Oregon citizenry coupled with increased national interest in environmental quality has led Oregon authorities to legislate controls on open field burning. However, such controls by changing resource allocation in Oregon's seed industry would impose costs upon society. The major objective of this study was to estimate costs of three alternative field burning control policies in terms of the changes in consumers' surplus and producers' rents associated with each policy. To accomplish this objective an econometric model of demand and supply relationships for the six grass seeds raised in the Willamette Valley was developed. To establish a reasonable range for policy-induced changes in consumers' surplus and producers' rents, three alternative supply situations were postulated, and costs of grass seed production under each policy were assumed to increase by $5.00, $9.00, and $13.00 per acre, respectively. Supply situation I assumed positively-sloped Oregon and non-Oregon supply curves whereas situation II assumed a perfectly inelastic Oregon supply curve and a positively-sloped non-Oregon supply curve. Supply situation III postulated a perfectly elastic non-Oregon and a positively-sloped Oregon supply curve. In supply situation I, depending upon policy and assumed increase in costs of seed production, the relative decrease in consumers' surplus varied from 3 to 15 percent at national level when aggregated over all six grass seeds. Oregon producers' rents were predicted to decline by 4 to 20 percent. The increases in non-Oregon rents under each policy and assumed cost increase were only about 20 percent of the losses in Oregon rents. Consequently, the relative decreases in the sum of consumers' surplus and producers' rents (Oregon and non-Oregon) were approximately equal to the decreases in consumers' surplus. Since under supply situation II and III seed prices remained unchanged, only changes in Oregon producers' rents needed estimation. Decreases in Oregon rents in situation II were 6 to 12 percent smaller than in situation I. In contrast, the results for supply situation III suggested that, other things equal, the greater the responsiveness of non-Oregon supplies to price, the greater the losses in Oregon producers' rents. To provide additional perspective on the possible economic impacts of regulating open field burning, changes in earnings in grass seed production were translated into changes in the value of agricultural land now in seed production in the Willamette Valley. To accomplish this objective, the relative decreases in seed production earnings were estimated for supply situations I and II, and a model of the determinants of Willamette Valley grass seed land values was developed. The model predicted that land values in the Willamette Valley would typically decline by approximately two to nine percent depending upon the type of controls imposed on open field burning and the associated cost increase. Although the methodological approach followed in this study is traditional, new measurement techniques are employed to estimate changes in the economic well-being of grass seed producers in Oregon. Furthermore, the extension of partial welfare analysis to predict the effects of Oregon's regulatory policies on the well-being of non-Oregon producers also distinguishes the findings of this study from those of other studies with similar methodological approaches.
Author: Douglas Earl Fisher
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Pasture research
Languages : en
Pages : 177
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Grass seed producers in Oregon's Willamette Valley have employed the cultural practice of post-harvest open field burning since the mid-1940's for purposes of field sanitation and crop residue disposal This practice creates environmental quality problems of air pollution during the late summer Recent public concern over the valley's environmental quality has focused attention on the grass seed industry, resulting in measures passed by the 1971 state legislature to ban open field burning in Oregon by January 1, 1975. Several economic issues are raised by the prospect of field burning curtailment. These include identification of: (1) alternatives to open burning, and their associated costs; (2) income effects resulting from possible increases in production costs, reduction in seed yields and changes in seed quality; (3) possible loss of comparative advantage now enjoyed by Willamette Valley farmers; and, (4) possible organizational adjustments by farm operators including prospects for increased farm size and reduced farm numbers. This thesis is designed as a base study to provide descriptive information and an economic rationale as necessary precursors for evaluating possible and probable' economic consequences of a burning ban to the grass seed industry. The Willamette Valley was separated into five seed-production regions, based on soil characteristics and urban.influences. A ten percent random sample was drawn from the population of farm operators raising grass seed. Major grass seed types studied include Highland bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, orchard grass, annual ryegrass, and perennial ryegrass. Descriptive data includes farm family characteristics, income sources, age, family labor, farm organization, and resource returns. Analysis of data identified wide variability in resource use. A significant component involved large differences in operating costs for machinery, labor, fertilizer, and chemicals within each seed type. This suggests internal adjustments in resource use efficiency and cost management are necessary for high-cost farms to survive in the short run regardless of whether or not a burning ban threat exists. Some farms are successfully competing now and will continue to do so with limited operating resource adjustments. Orchardgrass and Kentucky bluegrass generally provided highest net returns, while ryegrasses earned lowest returns of the seven seed types, suggesting some adjustment opportunities for substitution between seed types. Inter-enterprise adjustments will be determined by the number of grass seed crops, other non-grass crops, and livestock choices available. Cost advantages of complementary enterprises were evident, with adjustments in this direction determined by market accessibility, soil limitations, and managerial constraints. These limitations suggest limited adjustment, in general, toward non-grass and livestock enterprise choices. Pronounced cost advantages occurred to farms over 300 acres in size, suggesting that long run adjustments will likely include farm enlargement and reduction of farm numbers. Farm location, topography, -, and proximity to urban areas are also expected to affect direction and magnitude of adjustments. Farms in Region 1, Clackamas and Multnomah counties, faced with topography limitations and urban pressures, will likely shift resources to more intensive . farm and non-farm uses. Linn, Benton, and Lane county grass seed producers are expected to intensify specialization in grass seed production with an increase in average farm size. In Washington and Yamhill counties where grass seed production serves primarily as complementary and/or supplementary enterprises, the trend toward production of proprietary grass seed varieties is expected. In Polk and Marion counties where soil and topographical characteristics dominate resource use and enterprise choices, probable adjustment impacts are less obvious and are expected to vary widely from farm to farm. Imposition of a burning ban, felt primarily in the form of increased production costs, will undoubtedly hasten the farm organizational adjustments specified above.
Author: W. Robert Wilson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grasses
Languages : en
Pages : 47
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 432
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Author: Albany Area Chamber of Commerce (Or.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Burning of land
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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