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Author: Bonnie Gall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Polymers
Languages : en
Pages : 59
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Book Description
Author: Bonnie Gall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Polymers
Languages : en
Pages : 59
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Book Description
Author: Committee D-2 Staff
Publisher: ASTM International
ISBN:
Category : Fluids
Languages : en
Pages : 91
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Book Description
Author: R.G. Compton
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080868088
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 579
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Book Description
Degradation of Polymers
Author: United States. National Bureau of Standards
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Polymerization
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
Author: Boya Xiong
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The high intensity of unconventional oil and gas development nationwide and at global scale has an enormous impact on local and regional water resource and water quality. High volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) utilizes a wide range of proprietary chemicals and more than a million liters of water per well, generating around 100 billion liters of flowback and produced water annually in the U.S. HVHF wastewater contains high levels of salinity, turbidity, organic matter and radioactivity; posing technical and economic challenges to wastewater treatment. Current practices are unlikely to manage the growing volume of wastewaters in a sustainable and economically feasible manner. More importantly, many environmental impacts of HVHF wastewater contamination remain unclear due to the unresolved organic components in wastewater, many of which originate from injected chemicals. The goal of work was to better quantify the environmental risks of HVHF activities by identifying and analyzing the fate and characteristics of these injected chemicals that cause challenges in subsequent membrane treatment and also have the potential to release toxic byproducts.High molecular weight (106 3107 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) and its copolymers are heavily used as friction reducers in HVHF. Extractions in the Marcellus shale alone are estimated to have consumed 5000-140,000 tons of PAM. However, PAM molecules are not characterized by the current organic analyses that utilize advanced chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques due to their hydrophilic nature and large size. In this work, it was identified that under simulated HVHF deep subsurface conditions, PAM (1.5107 Da) is susceptible to significant free radical induced chemical degradation, with the final MWs ranging over three orders of magnitude from 8103 - 1.5107 Da as quantified by size exclusion chromatography. The degradation kinetics are governed by the formation temperature, shale mineralogy and dissolved oxygen concentration in the initial fluids. The above information on operating conditions is readily available from drilling logs and geological surveys of gas reservoirs - thus these results make it possible to predict the extent of polymer degradation at a specific fracturing site. In addition, my PhD work extends the main work on chemical degradation to quantify the mechanical degradation of polyacrylamide using a high-pressure capillary flow set up. The experimental setup simulates the high strain rates similar to that at the entrance flow through small pores and fractures in the formation face during the fracture propagation phase where the hydraulic pressure can reach as high as 700 bar. Here I report a non-chemical pathway- purely physical transformation of fracturing chemicals under HVHF conditions that is unique to high molecular weight polymers.The objectives of this work also included evaluation of membrane treatability of actual flowback and produced waters from the Marcellus shale play. The data show severe fouling during microfiltration membrane treatment. Surprisingly, the high variation in fouling behavior for different water samples cannot be correlated with their levels of total organic carbon or suspended solids, both commonly measured water quality parameters, suggesting a high level of complexity in the fouling components of the feed water matrix in these waste streams. The fouling rates of some wastewaters were dominated by the presence of colloidal and organic matter; however, their origin and detailed characterization remains unclear. Experiments performed with a synthetic fracturing fluid demonstrated that out of 10 different fracturing chemicals, the PAM-based friction reducer is the primary contributor to fouling rates during microfiltration treatment of the wastewater. More importantly, fouling rates were well correlated with the hydrodynamic size of PAM present in the wastewater. These results indicate that a higher fouling rate of membrane treatment will occur during the treatment of wastewaters containing large size polymers, when specific fracturing and formation conditions are favorable for limited polymer degradation.These degraded polymer molecules, which have unknown toxicities, are present in the wastewater and could reach downstream water supplies. Furthermore, complete degradation of PAM would result in release of the neurotoxic monomer acrylamide. This work, for the first time, provides detailed information on the downhole transformation and membrane treatability of PAM, a heavily used chemical in the HVHF process. This work enables the development of treatment strategies to minimize waste volume, toxicity, and broader environmental impacts of HVHF wastewaters that will be continuously generated in upcoming years as a part of the energy production trajectory of many nations worldwide.
Author: N. Grassie
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400934254
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Book Description
The purpose of this volume, like that of its predecessors in the series, is to present a selection of topics which are representative of the continually expanding area of polymer degradation. It will be obvious that some of these topics emanate from academic studies, others from more applied backgrounds, but it is anticipated that all will be seen to be of vital relevance to one or other of the currently advancing fields of polymer technology. The first two chapters deal with specific classes of polymers, and particularly with their mechanisms and products of thermal degrada tion. Thus in Chapter 1 Dr McNeill discusses the reactions of the ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth metal salts of poly(methacrylic acid) and their copolymers with methyl methacrylate. These water soluble 'ionomers' have valuable technological applications. In Chap ter 2 Professor Montaudo and Dr Puglisi perform a valuable service by drawing together and critically reviewing, for the first time to my knowledge, the mechanisms of thermal degradation of the various classes of condensation polymers which are of industrial significance. This includes, for example, the polyurethanes, polyureas, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polyethers, polysulphides, polysulphones, polyschiff bases, polysiloxanes and polyphosphazenes.
Author: ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Polymerization
Languages : en
Pages : 82
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Book Description
Author: Rudy Koopmans
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420018280
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
The continually growing plastics market consists of more than 250 million tons of product annually, making the recurring problem of polymer melt fracture an acute issue in the extrusion of these materials. Presenting a pictorial library of the different forms of melt fracture and real industrial extrusion melt fracture phenomena, Polymer Melt Fract
Author: Johannes Fink
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0128220740
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 354
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Book Description
Petroleum engineers continue to need cost saving and environmentally sustainable products and methods for today’s hydraulic fracturing operations. Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Fluid Technology, Second Edition, continues to deliver an easy-to-use manual of fluid formulations to meet specific job needs. Enhanced with more environmental aspects, this reference helps engineers and fluid specialists select and use the appropriate chemicals for any hydraulic fracturing job. New information concerning nanotechnology applications such as wellbore sealant and proppants are added to enhance operations in a sustainable manner while saving on production costs. Other updates include low recovery of fracturing water in shale, surfactants for waterless hydraulic fracturing, and expanded produced water treatment. Rounding out with updated references and patents for easy reference, Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Fluid Technology, Second Edition, gives engineers a critical guide on selecting better products to boost productions while strengthening environmental enhancement and consideration. Gain insight with new information surrounding environmental contamination and produced water treatment methods Save on production costs with new nanoparticle-enhanced fluids and applications Eliminate guesswork with systematic approach to fluid technology organized by project need
Author: Andrew William Batchelor
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 1783261137
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 429
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Book Description
The second edition of Materials Degradation and Its Control by Surface Engineering continues the theme of the first edition, where discussions on corrosion, wear, fatigue and thermal damage are balanced by similarly detailed discussions on their control methods, e.g. painting and metallic coatings. The book is written for the non-specialist, with an emphasis on introducing technical concepts graphically rather than through algebraic equations. In the second edition, the graphic content is enhanced by an additional series of colour and monochrome photographs that illustrate key aspects of the controlling physical phenomena. Existing topics such as liquid metal corrosion have been extended and new topics such as corrosion inhibitors added.
