Countering China's Dominance in the Rare Earth Element Market System PDF Download
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Author: Eric O. Estep
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Rare earth industry
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
This paper will discuss how the United States can exercise the economic element of national power to ensure access to rare earth elements (REE) in a China-dominated market system. Since the 1980's, China has gained a virtual monopoly in the mining and production of REE. Today, China produces over 95% of all REE used by the world. The United States, its allies, and trading partners become increasingly dependent on REE each day as the world evolves into a more information based high-technology driven society. REE are vital to the United States' high-technology economy, state of the art defense systems, and renewable and clean energy systems. China's virtual monopoly of REE allows Chinese control of prices, availability and production of high-technology products and materials to achieve Chinese political and economic ends. Since not all REEs can be produced in the United States, it is imperative that the U.S. creates a reliable, predictable, resilient, and cost effective REE global supply chain in addition to reestablishing a U.S. based production capability.
Author: Eric O. Estep
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Rare earth industry
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
This paper will discuss how the United States can exercise the economic element of national power to ensure access to rare earth elements (REE) in a China-dominated market system. Since the 1980's, China has gained a virtual monopoly in the mining and production of REE. Today, China produces over 95% of all REE used by the world. The United States, its allies, and trading partners become increasingly dependent on REE each day as the world evolves into a more information based high-technology driven society. REE are vital to the United States' high-technology economy, state of the art defense systems, and renewable and clean energy systems. China's virtual monopoly of REE allows Chinese control of prices, availability and production of high-technology products and materials to achieve Chinese political and economic ends. Since not all REEs can be produced in the United States, it is imperative that the U.S. creates a reliable, predictable, resilient, and cost effective REE global supply chain in addition to reestablishing a U.S. based production capability.
Author: Anonym
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3656094055
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 65
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: -, -, language: English, abstract: Almost twenty years after Deng Xiaoping stated: 'There is oil in the Middle East, but there is rare earth in China, ' the country controls the REE global supply almost solely. Recent Chinese policies of raising taxes and cutting export quotas combined with its temporary ban on REE exports led not only to steadily increasing prices. Most notably it created uncertainty among companies producing outside Chine whether they will be able to get sufficient amounts of REE in the future and how much this is going to cost. Because it will take several years until Western mining capacities meet Western companies' demand, some manufacturers in need of REE have already started to relocate their factories to China. Beijing claims that their policies are dedicated to tackle environmental problems which have been caused by mining REE. However, taken into account that Beijing policies also require Chinese partners for foreign companies that operate within China, Western companies that relocate their facilities may risk handing over knowledge to future competitors. Aware of the consequences that Beijing's new fondness for environmental issues brings, governments and companies especially in Japan, the U.S. and Europe try to find ways to decrease their dependencies. This report examines factors that led to China's dominance on the REE market today and presents some counteractions which governments and companies in Japan, the U.S. and Europe have introduced to mitigate this situation. The two principal findings of this report are: first, because Western mining companies will need time to meet their companies' demand, the current situation is going to sustain for at least a few more years to come; and second, although China runs the risk of selling off its REE resources abroad which it needs for its own economy at home, it may benefit from the technology trans
Author:
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3656094322
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, , language: English, abstract: Almost twenty years after Deng Xiaoping stated: ‘There is oil in the Middle East, but there is rare earth in China,’ the country controls the REE global supply almost solely. Recent Chinese policies of raising taxes and cutting export quotas combined with its temporary ban on REE exports led not only to steadily increasing prices. Most notably it created uncertainty among companies producing outside Chine whether they will be able to get sufficient amounts of REE in the future and how much this is going to cost. Because it will take several years until Western mining capacities meet Western companies’ demand, some manufacturers in need of REE have already started to relocate their factories to China. Beijing claims that their policies are dedicated to tackle environmental problems which have been caused by mining REE. However, taken into account that Beijing policies also require Chinese partners for foreign companies that operate within China, Western companies that relocate their facilities may risk handing over knowledge to future competitors. Aware of the consequences that Beijing’s new fondness for environmental issues brings, governments and companies especially in Japan, the U.S. and Europe try to find ways to decrease their dependencies. This report examines factors that led to China’s dominance on the REE market today and presents some counteractions which governments and companies in Japan, the U.S. and Europe have introduced to mitigate this situation. The two principal findings of this report are: first, because Western mining companies will need time to meet their companies’ demand, the current situation is going to sustain for at least a few more years to come; and second, although China runs the risk of selling off its REE resources abroad which it needs for its own economy at home, it may benefit from the technology transfer in the long run.
Author: Roland Howanietz
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351109898
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
Rare Earth Elements are a group of 17 metals which have a central role in modern industry, increasingly used in the fields of green technologies, high technological consumer goods, industrial and medical appliances and modern weapons systems. Although deposits of Rare Earths are globally dispersed, over 90% of global demand has been provided by Chinese mines since the late 1990s, leading to a situation where China has a virtual monopoly. This book surveys the Rare Earths mining industry, discusses the extent to which Rare Earths really are scarce elsewhere in the world and assesses the economics of production, considering arguments for the rationing of supply, for higher pricing and for a total export embargo. This actually occurred in 2010, demonstrating the vulnerability of the rest of the world to China’s control of these increasingly vital resources.
Author: Ryan David Kiggins
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1137364246
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 243
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Book Description
The contributors argue that rare earths are essential to the information technology revolution on which humans have come to depend for communication, commerce, and, increasingly, engage in conflict. They demonstrate that rare earths are a strategic commodity over which political actors will and do struggle for control.
Author: Nora Görne
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 365621395X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict, Security, grade: A-, Utrecht University (Roosevelt Academy), course: Security in the Post-Cold War Era, language: English, abstract: Rare earth metals are chemical elements which are widely unknown to the general public but nevertheless can be found in everyday life. They are critical components of digital cameras, rechargeable batteries and magnets, of surgical lasers, polishing powders and military tanks. Even though their name suggests differently, they are not specifically rare but they often only exist in small deposits scattered over the globe which makes mining often fairly unprofitable. From 1986 onwards China established itself as the biggest producer of rare earth metals with by 2010 supplying 97% of world demand (Humphries, 2011, p. 13). In the past five years prices have been seen to increase tremendously and during the Senkaku boat collision incident, China imposed a trade embargo for rare earth metals against its opponent Japan. The question is to what extent China is going to use its dominant position in the future, specifically in regard to one of the biggest rare earth metal consumer, the United States. In the following the question whether China’s monopoly is indeed a serious threat to U.S. security will be answered. Therefore, first a detailed definition of rare earth metals and their applications and a historical overview will be given. Thereupon, it will be shown that China’s monopoly is indeed a security issue by a review of the relevant body of security literature, specifically the Copenhagen school approach. Afterwards the possible solutions will be examined.
Author: Joseph O. Manino
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781624170140
Category : China
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and national security applications. China's position as the world's dominant producer and supplier of rare earths and its policies to limit exports have raised concerns among many in Congress. This book examines the economic and trade implications of China's rare earth policies for the United States. Other topics, separately explore the use of rare earth elements by the Department of Defense and end use markets.
Author: Norbert Chang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : China
Languages : en
Pages : 7
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Book Description
As it possesses some of the most abundant deposits, China was, by the 1990s, already set to be the world’s largest producer of rare earth elements (REEs). China is able to maintain a monopoly on both supply and demand, which could potentially be used as the determining factor in its trade war with the US. The important lesson learned from the 2010 REE embargo, for both China and the rest of the world, is that it is possible to diversify the sources of REE supplies. Possessing mine-side supplies is only half of the equation; innovation and the creation of more processing facilities are required to counter a monopoly of REEs.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : China
Languages : en
Pages : 88
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Book Description
Author: Sophia Kalantzakos
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190670932
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 249
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Book Description
Resource competition, mineral scarcity, and economic statecraft -- What are rare earths? -- Salt and oil : strategic parallels -- How China came to dominate the rare earth industry
