Counterfactuals and Conditional Probabilities PDF Download
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Author: Elana Sara-Leah Tzivia Geller
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Christoph Hoerl
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199590699
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 279
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Book Description
Twelve essays explore what bearing empirical findings might have on philosophical concerns about counterfactuals and causation, and how, in turn, work in philosophy might help clarify issues in empirical work on the relationships between causal and counterfactual thought.
Author: E.W. Adams
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9789048183432
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Of the four chapters in this book, the first two discuss (albeit in consider ably modified form) matters previously discussed in my papers 'On the Logic of Conditionals' [1] and 'Probability and the Logic of Conditionals' [2], while the last two present essentially new material. Chapter I is relatively informal and roughly parallels the first of the above papers in discussing the basic ideas of a probabilistic approach to the logic of the indicative conditional, according to which these constructions do not have truth values, but they do have probabilities (equal to conditional probabilities), and the appropriate criterion of soundness for inferences involving them is that it should not be possible for all premises of the inference to be probable while the conclusion is improbable. Applying this criterion is shown to have radically different consequences from the orthodox 'material conditional' theory, not only in application to the standard 'fallacies' of the material conditional, but to many forms (e. g. , Contraposition) which have hitherto been regarded as above suspi cion. Many more applications are considered in Chapter I, as well as certain related theoretical matters. The chief of these, which is the most important new topic treated in Chapter I (i. e.
Author: Elana Sara-Leah Tzivia Geller
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Frank Jackson
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780198750956
Category : Conditionals (Logic).
Languages : en
Pages : 238
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Book Description
This collection introduces the reader to some of the most interesting current work on conditionals. Particular attention is paid to possible world semantics for conditionals, the role of conditional probability in helping us to understand conditionals, implicature and the material conditional, and subjunctive versus indicative conditionals. Contributors include V.H. Dudman, Dorothy Edgington, Nelson Goodman, H.P. Grice, David Lewis, and Robert Stalnaker.
Author: David H. Sanford
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 9780415283687
Category : Conditionals (Logic)
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
Since its publication in 1989, David Sanford's If P Then Q has become one of the most widely respected works in the field of conditionals. This new edition includes three new chapters, thus updating the book to take into account developments in the
Author: Moritz Schulz
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019878595X
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
Moritz Schulz explores counterfactual thought and language: what would have happened if things had gone a different way. Counterfactual questions may concern large scale derivations (what would have happened if Nixon had launched a nuclear attack) or small scale evaluations of minor derivations (what would have happened if I had decided to join a different profession). A common impression, which receives a thorough defence in the book, is that oftentimes we find it impossible to know what would have happened. However, this does not mean that we are completely at a loss: we are typically capable of evaluating counterfactual questions probabilistically: we can say what would have been likely or unlikely to happen. Schulz describes these probabilistic ways of evaluating counterfactual questions and turns the data into a novel account of the workings of counterfactual thought.
Author: Michael Woods
Publisher: Oxford University Press on Demand
ISBN: 9780198751274
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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Book Description
Conditionals has at its centre an extended essay on this problematic and much-debated subject in the philosophy of language and logic, which the widely respected Oxford philosopher Michael Woods had been preparing for publication at the time of his death in 1993. Woods discusses the distinctions between different kinds of conditionals, and then goes on to cover a range of topics, including assertibility, conditional probability, possible-worlds theories, and conditional demands and questions. He ends by sketching a new theory of counterfactual conditionals. This essay is edited for publication by Woods's friend and colleague David Wiggins, and accompanied by a commentary specially written by a leading expert on the topic, Dorothy Edgington. The masterful and original treatment of conditionals presented in this book will demand the attention of all philosophers working in the area.
Author: Raymond Nickerson
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190203005
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 473
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Book Description
Conditional reasoning is reasoning that involves statements of the sort If A (Antecedent) then C (Consequent). This type of reasoning is ubiquitous; everyone engages in it. Indeed, the ability to do so may be considered a defining human characteristic. Without this ability, human cognition would be greatly impoverished. "What-if" thinking could not occur. There would be no retrospective efforts to understand history by imagining how it could have taken a different course. Decisions that take possible contingencies into account could not be made; there could be no attempts to influence the future by selecting actions on the basis of their expected effects. Despite the commonness and importance of conditional reasoning and the considerable attention it has received from scholars, it remains the subject of much continuing debate. Unsettled questions, both normative and empirical, continue to be asked. What constitutes normative conditional reasoning? How do people engage in it? Does what people do match what would be expected of a rational agent with the abilities and limitations of human beings? If not, how does it deviate and how might people's ability to engage in it be improved? This book reviews the work of prominent psychologists and philosophers on conditional reasoning. It describes empirical research on how people deal with conditional arguments and on how conditional statements are used and interpreted in everyday communication. It examines philosophical and theoretical treatments of the mental processes that support conditional reasoning. Its extensive coverage of the subject makes it an ideal resource for students, teachers, and researchers with a focus on cognition across disciplines.
Author: Igal Kvart
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Book Description
Author: Ellery Eells
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521039338
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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Book Description
This is a collection of essays on the relation between probabilities--especially conditional probabilities--and conditionals. It provides new negative results that sharply limit the ways conditionals can be related to conditional probabilities. There are also positive ideas and results that will open up new areas of research. The collection is intended to honor Ernest W. Adams, whose seminal work is largely responsible for creating this area of inquiry. As well as describing, evaluating, and applying Adams's work, the contributions extend his ideas in directions he may not have anticipated, but that he certainly inspired.
