Comparative Evaluation of the Radiation Environment in the Biosphere and in Space PDF Download
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Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Space radiobiology
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
Natural radiation levels in the biosphere on Earth vary from 6 microrem/hr over the ocean to values 300 times larger in certain geologic territories. The upper end of this scale overlaps the lowest galactic radiation levels in space. Except for acute radiation exposure in the radiation belt or from solar protons, the radiation environment in space would not seem to constitute a basic obstacle to man's survival in space. Since proton storm shelters on the Moon or planets could be built with indigenous rock, only galactic exposure has to be dealt with in long-term missions. This exposure can be expected to result in inconspicuous chronic damage, such as life shortening which can be estimated to amount to 25 per cent of the time spent in space. As far as acute effects from trapped or solar particles are concerned, these comparatively soft radiations will mainly affect the skin, possibly producing erythema or more severe skin damage, with bone marrow and intestines remaining essentially intact. Operationally, this problem would require the main attention to be focused on in-fight medical care. (Author).
Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Space radiobiology
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
Natural radiation levels in the biosphere on Earth vary from 6 microrem/hr over the ocean to values 300 times larger in certain geologic territories. The upper end of this scale overlaps the lowest galactic radiation levels in space. Except for acute radiation exposure in the radiation belt or from solar protons, the radiation environment in space would not seem to constitute a basic obstacle to man's survival in space. Since proton storm shelters on the Moon or planets could be built with indigenous rock, only galactic exposure has to be dealt with in long-term missions. This exposure can be expected to result in inconspicuous chronic damage, such as life shortening which can be estimated to amount to 25 per cent of the time spent in space. As far as acute effects from trapped or solar particles are concerned, these comparatively soft radiations will mainly affect the skin, possibly producing erythema or more severe skin damage, with bone marrow and intestines remaining essentially intact. Operationally, this problem would require the main attention to be focused on in-fight medical care. (Author).
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030947082X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 89
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Book Description
Spacecraft depend on electronic components that must perform reliably over missions measured in years and decades. Space radiation is a primary source of degradation, reliability issues, and potentially failure for these electronic components. Although simulation and modeling are valuable for understanding the radiation risk to microelectronics, there is no substitute for testing, and an increased use of commercial-off-the- shelf parts in spacecraft may actually increase requirements for testing, as opposed to simulation and modeling. Testing at the Speed of Light evaluates the nation's current capabilities and future needs for testing the effects of space radiation on microelectronics to ensure mission success and makes recommendations on how to provide effective stewardship of the necessary radiation test infrastructure for the foreseeable future.
Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Book Description
Natural radiation levels in the biosphere on Earth vary from 6 microrem/hr over the ocean to values 300 times larger in certain geologic territories. The upper end of this scale overlaps the lowest galactic radiation levels in space. Except for acute radiation exposure in the radiation belt or from solar protons, the radiation environment in space would not seem to constitute a basic obstacle to man's survival in space. Since proton storm shelters on the Moon or planets could be built with indigenous rock, only galactic exposure has to be dealt with in long-term missions. This exposure can be expected to result in inconspicuous chronic damage, such as life shortening which can be estimated to amount to 25 per cent of the time spent in space. As far as acute effects from trapped or solar particles are concerned, these comparatively soft radiations will mainly affect the skin, possibly producing erythema or more severe skin damage, with bone marrow and intestines remaining essentially intact. Operationally, this problem would require the main attention to be focused on in-fight medical care. (Author).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear energy
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 484
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Book Description
Author: Anthea J. Coster
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111950757X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 243
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Book Description
Examines how solar and terrestrial space phenomena affect sophisticated technological systems Contemporary society relies on sophisticated technologies to manage electricity distribution, communication networks, transportation safety, and myriad other systems. The successful design and operation of both ground-based and space-based systems must consider solar and terrestrial space phenomena and processes. Space Weather Effects and Applications describes the effects of space weather on various present-day technologies and explores how improved instrumentation to measure Earth's space environment can be used to more accurately forecast changes and disruptions. Volume highlights include: Damage and disruption to orbiting satellite equipment by solar particles and cosmic rays Effects of space radiation on aircraft at high altitudes and latitudes Response of radio and radar-based systems to solar bursts Disturbances to the propagation of radio waves caused by space weather How geomagnetic field changes impact ground-based systems such as pipelines Impacts of human exposure to the space radiation environment The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief
Author: J.G. Emming
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401035261
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 310
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Book Description
The subject of this volume in the Astrophysics and Space Science Library is Electro magnetic Radiation in Space. It is essentially based on the lectures given at the third ESRO Summer School which was held from 19 July to 13 August, 1965, in Alpbach, Austria. Fifty-eight selected students attended the courses representing the following countries: Austria (2), Belgium (1), Denmark (1), France (12), Germany (10), Italy (7), Netherlands (2), Spain (4), Sweden (6), Switzerland (3), United Kingdom (9), United States (1). Thirteen lectures courses and nine seminars were given by sixteen different scientists in total. In this book the courses and seminars have been classified in three parts according to the kind of radiation which they mainly deal with: Ultraviolet Radiation, X Radiation and Cosmic Radiation. These parts can be broken down further in theo retical and observational aspects, whereas in the first and second part solar as well as stellar ultraviolet- and X-radiation can be distinguished. * Due to various reasons the publication of this volume had to be delayed; it was therefore judged appropriate to bring the text up to date. The various lecturers have been asked to revise the manuscripts and to eventually add new information which has been acquired in this rapidly evolving field of space astrophysics. Most authors have responded positively to this request, some even have completely rewritten the manuscript.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309068851
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 96
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Book Description
A major objective of the International Space Station is learning how to cope with the inherent risks of human spaceflightâ€"how to live and work in space for extended periods. The construction of the station itself provides the first opportunity for doing so. Prominent among the challenges associated with ISS construction is the large amount of time that astronauts will be spending doing extravehicular activity (EVA), or "space walks." EVAs from the space shuttle have been extraordinarily successful, most notably the on-orbit repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. But the number of hours of EVA for ISS construction exceeds that of the Hubble repair mission by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the ISS orbit has nearly twice the inclination to Earth's equator as Hubble's orbit, so it spends part of every 90-minute circumnavigation at high latitudes, where Earth's magnetic field is less effective at shielding impinging radiation. This means that astronauts sweeping through these regions will be considerably more vulnerable to dangerous doses of energetic particles from a sudden solar eruption. Radiation and the International Space Station estimates that the likelihood of having a potentially dangerous solar event during an EVA is indeed very high. This report recommends steps that can be taken immediately, and over the next several years, to provide adequate warning so that the astronauts can be directed to take protective cover inside the ISS or shuttle. The near-term actions include programmatic and operational ways to take advantage of the multiagency assets that currently monitor and forecast space weather, and ways to improve the in situ measurements and the predictive power of current models.
Author: John A. Eddy
Publisher: Government Printing Office
ISBN: 9780160838088
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 316
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Book Description
" ... Concise explanations and descriptions - easily read and readily understood - of what we know of the chain of events and processes that connect the Sun to the Earth, with special emphasis on space weather and Sun-Climate."--Dear Reader.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309113830
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Book Description
As part of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), NASA is planning for humans to revisit the Moon and someday go to Mars. An important consideration in this effort is protection against the exposure to space radiation. That radiation might result in severe long-term health consequences for astronauts on such missions if they are not adequately shielded. To help with these concerns, NASA asked the NRC to further the understanding of the risks of space radiation, to evaluate radiation shielding requirements, and recommend a strategic plan for developing appropriate mitigation capabilities. This book presents an assessment of current knowledge of the radiation environment; an examination of the effects of radiation on biological systems and mission equipment; an analysis of current plans for radiation protection; and a strategy for mitigating the risks to VSE astronauts.
