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Author: Pär Löfstrand
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789188527431
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 65
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Book Description
Making decisions together in groups takes an important role in society. Everywhere and in many different contexts people meet to make more or less formal decisions. As stereotypes constitute simplified group based perceptions of other people, decision-making groups risk making biased judgments and commit discriminating decisions. Stereotyping often follow the two universal dimensions competence and warmth (Cuddy, Fiske & Glick, 2008). How people ́s judgments are affected by stereotypes has mainly been studied on individual level and less is known about how stereotypes and prejudice is communicated and negotiated in group decision-making situations. One approach to study this is to investigate how different contexts may lead to different communication patterns, different experiences, and different decisions. In this thesis context was varied in two different ways in two experiments. In the first experiment the goal set for the decision-making was varied. A competitive goal was contrasted to a cooperative goal in a group decision task using a sports scenario where the participants had to select members to a relay team. In the second experiment different information was used as a context variable. This was done by varying the information of gender and parenthood status of the applicants in a fictive recruitment scenario. In addition, in both experiments the gender composition in the groups was varied, forming yet another variable that might play a role for how the decision-making was carried out. These three factors were assumed to influence the form of the communication, the content of the communication in terms of stereotyping, and how the decision-making process was experienced. A mixed-method approach was chosen where quantitative and qualitative data were used in conjunction with each other, which was assumed to give a richer picture of the results. In paper I the form of the communication, as analyzed with interaction process analysis (IPA), did not differ much between the two goals. On the other hand, the content showed more systematic patterns. A competitive goal seemed to lead to both inclusion and exclusion with use of both positive and negative stereotypes. A cooperative goal seemed to lead to inclusion mechanisms and only use of positive stereotypes. In paper II where the aim was to investigate what was experienced as constituting a successful decision-making process it was found that equality of influence was of importance. Furthermore, qualitative analyses of the conversation patterns, by use of the conversational argument coding scheme (CACS), seemed to validate this. The successful groups had a more complex communication pattern than the less successful groups. In paper III, where the information for the decision task was varied in terms of gender and parenthood status of the applicants, it was found that parenthood information triggered a lot of discussion. The participants did not differentiate between mothers and fathers, but they applied attributes of competence and warmth differently to the targets. Furthermore, gender and gender composition seemed to matter as male and female groups applied the attributes differently. Paper IV used data from both experiments in order to investigate how the context variables and gender composition influenced how the decision situation was experienced. The results indicate that the context variables and gender composition interacted with own gender. Men seemed more content in male groups with male targets and a male parent condition while women seemed more content in mixed groups and a female parent condition. Context seems to play an important role, as it provides the participants in the group discussions with different information, leading to different patterns of stereotyping in the discussions. Also how the decision was experienced seems to be related to the context. Furthermore, group composition seems to function in this way too. The results are discussed in relation to practical implications and suggestions for future research.
Author: Pär Löfstrand
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789188527431
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 65
Get Book Here
Book Description
Making decisions together in groups takes an important role in society. Everywhere and in many different contexts people meet to make more or less formal decisions. As stereotypes constitute simplified group based perceptions of other people, decision-making groups risk making biased judgments and commit discriminating decisions. Stereotyping often follow the two universal dimensions competence and warmth (Cuddy, Fiske & Glick, 2008). How people ́s judgments are affected by stereotypes has mainly been studied on individual level and less is known about how stereotypes and prejudice is communicated and negotiated in group decision-making situations. One approach to study this is to investigate how different contexts may lead to different communication patterns, different experiences, and different decisions. In this thesis context was varied in two different ways in two experiments. In the first experiment the goal set for the decision-making was varied. A competitive goal was contrasted to a cooperative goal in a group decision task using a sports scenario where the participants had to select members to a relay team. In the second experiment different information was used as a context variable. This was done by varying the information of gender and parenthood status of the applicants in a fictive recruitment scenario. In addition, in both experiments the gender composition in the groups was varied, forming yet another variable that might play a role for how the decision-making was carried out. These three factors were assumed to influence the form of the communication, the content of the communication in terms of stereotyping, and how the decision-making process was experienced. A mixed-method approach was chosen where quantitative and qualitative data were used in conjunction with each other, which was assumed to give a richer picture of the results. In paper I the form of the communication, as analyzed with interaction process analysis (IPA), did not differ much between the two goals. On the other hand, the content showed more systematic patterns. A competitive goal seemed to lead to both inclusion and exclusion with use of both positive and negative stereotypes. A cooperative goal seemed to lead to inclusion mechanisms and only use of positive stereotypes. In paper II where the aim was to investigate what was experienced as constituting a successful decision-making process it was found that equality of influence was of importance. Furthermore, qualitative analyses of the conversation patterns, by use of the conversational argument coding scheme (CACS), seemed to validate this. The successful groups had a more complex communication pattern than the less successful groups. In paper III, where the information for the decision task was varied in terms of gender and parenthood status of the applicants, it was found that parenthood information triggered a lot of discussion. The participants did not differentiate between mothers and fathers, but they applied attributes of competence and warmth differently to the targets. Furthermore, gender and gender composition seemed to matter as male and female groups applied the attributes differently. Paper IV used data from both experiments in order to investigate how the context variables and gender composition influenced how the decision situation was experienced. The results indicate that the context variables and gender composition interacted with own gender. Men seemed more content in male groups with male targets and a male parent condition while women seemed more content in mixed groups and a female parent condition. Context seems to play an important role, as it provides the participants in the group discussions with different information, leading to different patterns of stereotyping in the discussions. Also how the decision was experienced seems to be related to the context. Furthermore, group composition seems to function in this way too. The results are discussed in relation to practical implications and suggestions for future research.
Author: Anastacia Kurylo
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1793642478
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 447
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Book Description
In Communicated Stereotypes at Work, the editors and contributors posit that stereotypes communicated in the workplace remain a pervasive issue due to the dichotomy between the discriminatory and functional roles that these stereotypes can play in a range of professional settings. Contributors demonstrate that while the use of stereotypes in the workplace is distasteful and exclusionary, communicating these stereotypes can also appear—on the surface—to provide a pathway toward bonding with others, giving advice, and reducing uncertainty. The result of this dichotomy is that those who communicate stereotypes in the workplace may not view this communication from themselves or others as being problematic. With an emphasis on qualitative methods and analyses, contributors deconstruct stereotypes by exploring the theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic roles they play in communication. In doing so, authors expose the underpinnings of stereotypes and why they are communicated, focus on the role all of us play in perpetuating stereotypes, and suggest alternative modes of productive discourse. Scholars of interpersonal and organizational communication, cultural studies, and sociology as well as practitioners of various professions will find this book particularly useful.
Author: Anastacia Kurylo
Publisher: Lexington Books
ISBN: 0739167545
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 128
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Book Description
The Communicated Stereotype: From Celebrity Vilification to Everyday Talk argues that a consequential interactional dilemma is enacted when people communicate stereotypes in everyday talk. The interactional dilemma is a result of the tension between a political correctness movement that prescribes against the communication of stereotypes and the benefits gained from communicating these in conversation. Despite the punishment and shame that befalls celebrities who communicate stereotypes, people continue to communicate stereotypes in everyday conversation often evoking little if any outrage. The Communicated Stereotype advances previous theory and research related to group categorization, stereotype maintenance and functional, discourse analytic, and critical approaches by demonstrating the process whereby the vilification of celebrities diverts attention from the everyday communication of stereotypes and emboldens people to communicate stereotypes without self-criticism. The way this interactional dilemma is handled in conversation helps to explain why stereotypes are maintained over time within a culture despite deterrents intended to dissuade people from using them. An appreciation of stereotypes as poor communication choices provides the potential for the reduction of stereotype use.
Author: Eva-Maria Kaufmann
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 365636544X
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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Book Description
Essay from the year 2011 in the subject Communications - Intercultural Communication, grade: Distinction, University of Newcastle upon Tyne (Education, Communication and Language Sciences), course: Language and Cross-Cultural Communication, language: English, abstract: This paper attempts to describe the nature of common preconceptions, i.e. stereotypes, including concepts such as otherisation, prejudice and discrimination, how they influence communication and how they are created and reinforced by the media. Specific media examples are used for illustration. The question is asked whether stereotyping is an inevitable process or whether it can be avoided. It is discussed whether stereotypes ought to be seen as a positive or negative influence on intercultural communication. Finally, the essay attempts to determine the role stereotypes play in the study of intercultural communication. Some approaches to communication studies seek to discover average tendencies in national cultures, which can lead to similar categorisations and simplifications as in the process of stereotyping. The validity of such an approach is evaluated and the conclusion is reached that stereotypes and categorisations are necessary to a certain degree as a sense-making device, but should at the same time be regarded with great caution.
Author: Andrea S. Kramer
Publisher: Nicholas Brealey
ISBN: 1529317320
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 355
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Book Description
Fully Revised Second Edition Since Breaking Through Bias was published in 2016, the #MeToo movement has exposed just how pervasive sexual harassment is in the workplace; the increase in public misogynistic comments has made clear that explicit gender bias is not a thing of the past; and stay-at-home orders and school closings due to Covid-19 have brought into even sharper focus the discriminatory impact of the unequal division of child care and household responsibilities between most couples. In this Second Edition of Breaking Through Bias, the authors, Kramer and Harris, explain how these recent developments fit into a larger pattern of implicit or unconscious gender bias that imposes serious obstacles to women's career advancement. They argue persuasively, however, that while this bias is the result of deeply rooted gender stereotypes, women can avoid or overcome its discriminatory consequences by the effective use of "attuned gender communication" to manage the impressions other people have of them. Kramer and Harris illustrate the use of attuned gender communication in each of the contexts in which gender bias manifests itself: negative bias (women are not as talented as men), benevolent bias (women need men's support), age bias (older women are not effective workers), motherhood bias (women with children are not committed to their careers), and self-limiting bias (women believing themselves not suited for particular roles). Drawing on decades of experience supervising, training, evaluating, mentoring, and sponsoring thousands of women as well as exhaustive social science research, Kramer and Harris present in this updated and fully revised Second Edition unique, practical, and highly effective advice women can use to break through bias and achieve the career success they desire and deserve.
Author: Cornelia Ilie
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811043191
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 275
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Book Description
This multidisciplinary volume brings together wide-ranging empirical research that goes behind the scenes of diverse organizations dealing with business, politics, law, media, education, and sports to unravel stereotypes of discursive leadership practices as they unfold in situ. It includes contributions that explore how leadership discourse is impacted by increasing pressures of “glocalization” (the need to communicate across cultures and languages), “mediatization” (leaving ubiquitous digital traces), standardization (with quality management programmes negotiating organizational procedures), mobility (endless fast-paced long distance synchronization) and acceleration (permanent co-adaption and change). The discussion of purposefully chosen case studies moves beyond questions of who is a leader and what leaders do, to how leadership stereotypes are being challenged in various communities of practice, and thereby making change possible. Cross-cultural and interdisciplinary approaches are used to get deeper insights into the competing, multi-voiced, controversial and complex identities and relationships enacted in leadership discourse practices.
Author: Andrea S. Kramer
Publisher: Hachette UK
ISBN: 1529317312
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 233
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Book Description
More than fifty years after the beginning of the Women's Movement, women are still not "making it" in traditionally male careers. Women start their careers on parity with men but generally end them far earlier, having achieved less status, lower compensation, and less satisfaction than men. Breaking Through Bias explains that it is the stereotypes about women, men, work, leadership, and family that hold women back, and it presents an integrated set of communication techniques that women can use to avoid the discriminatory consequences of these stereotypes. This highly practical book makes clear that women don't need to change who they are to succeed in their chosen careers, and they certainly don't need to act more like men. Women do, however, need to be attuned to the negative gender stereotypes that surround them; they need to anticipate the biases these stereotypes foster, and they need to manage the impressions they make to avoid or overcome these biases. Breaking Through Bias presents unique, practical, and effective advice about how women can at last break through gender bias in the workplace and win at the career advancement game.
Author: Claudia Brunsch
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3638754561
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
Intercultural communication has become more and more important in a world where everything is becoming global. Few centuries ago, only international managers or diplomats needed to think about intercultural communication and its problems. These days, not exclusively international managers but "ordinary" people from different cultures come into contact with each other. (...).
Author: Mel Berger
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 228
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Book Description
Offers insights and techniques for developing cross-cultural understanding and team work. The book examines the psychology of stereotyping and mistrust, and explores methods for breaking down attitude barriers. It also contains team building and training e
Author: Yoshihisa Kashima
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 0805856773
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
This volume addresses the role of communication in stereotype dynamics, while placing the phenomenon of social stereotypes appropriately in the socio-cultural context. Stereotype Dynamics assembles top researchers in the field to investigate stereotype formation, maintenance, and transformation through interpersonal facets of communication. Section one presents meta-theoretical perspectives, strongly informed by theories and empirical research. Subsequent parts address the following research questions in the perspectives of language-based communication: What do the signs in a language mean, and how do the meanings of the signs shape stereotypes? How do people use those signs intentionally or unintentionally? Is language use biased in some way? How do language users' identities affect the meaning of a particular language use in social context? What are the social consequences of language-based communication? Does language-based communication provide a basis for the formation, maintenance, and transformation or social stereotypes? This timely book is ideal for advanced students, scholars, and researchers in social psychology, and related disciplines such as human communications and sociolinguistics. It is also appropriate for use as a supplement in upper level courses on prejudice and stereotyping.
