Closing nutrient cycles

Closing nutrient cycles PDF Author: Usman Akram
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9179298753
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 46

Get Book Here

Book Description
Adequate and balanced crop nutrition – with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) – is vital for sustainable crop production. Inadequate and imbalanced crop nutrition contributes to the crop yield gaps – a difference in actual and potential crop yield. Yield gap is one of the many causes of insufficient food production, thus aggravating hunger and malnourishment across the globe. On the other hand, an oversupply of nutrients is highly unsustainable, in terms of both resource conservation and global environmental health. A decreasing excreta recycling in crop production is one of the many reasons for nutrient imbalances in agriculture. Previous studies show that increasing agricultural specialization leads to spatial separation of crop and animal production. Increasing distance between excreta production and crop needs is one of the leading factors that cause reduced excreta recycling. Studies focusing on excreta recycling show that a substantial barrier to a more efficient excreta nutrient reuse is the expensive transportation of bulky volumes of excreta over long distances. In order to overcome that barrier, more detailed spatial estimates of distances between excreta production and crop nutrient needs, and the associated costs for complete excreta transport in an entire country are needed. Hence, the overall aim of this thesis was to quantify the amount of nutrients in the excreta resources compared to the crop nutrient needs at multiple scales (global, national, subnational, and local), and to analyze the need for excreta transports, total distances and costs, to meet the crop nutrient needs in a country. On the global scale, annual (2000-2016) excreta supply (livestock and human) could provide at least 48% of N, 57% of P, and 81% of K crop needs. Although excreta supply was not enough to cover the annual crop nutrient needs at the global scale, at least 29 countries for N, 41 for P, and 71 for K had an excreta nutrient surplus. When including the annual use of synthetic fertilizers, at least 42 additional countries had a N surplus, with the equivalent figures for P being 17 countries, whereas 8 additional countries attained a K surplus. At the same time, when accounting for the use of synthetic fertilizers, each year, at least 57 countries had an N deficit, 70 a P deficit, and 51 countries a K deficit, in total equivalent to 14% of global N and 16% of each P and K crop needs. The total surplus in other countries during the period was always higher than the deficit in the countries with net nutrient deficits, except for P for some years. Unfortunately, both the deficits of the deficit countries and surpluses of the surplus countries were increasing substantially during the 17 years. Such global divergence in nutrient deficits and surpluses have clear implications for global food security and environmental health. A district-scale investigation of Pakistan showed that the country had a national deficit of 0.62 million tons of P and 0.59 million tons of K, but an oversupply of N. The spatial separation was not significant at this resolution; only 6% of the excreta N supply needed to be transported between districts. Recycling all excreta, within and between districts, could cut the use of synthetic N to 43% of its current use and eliminate the need for synthetic K, but there would be an additional need of 0.28 million tons of synthetic P to meet the crop nutrient needs in the entire country. The need for synthetic fertilizers to supplement the recycled excreta nutrients would cost USD 2.77 billion. However, it might not be prohibitively expensive to correct for P deficiencies because of the savings on the costs of synthetic N, and K. Excreta recycling could promote balanced crop nutrition at the national scale in Pakistan, which in turn could eliminate the nutrient-related crop yield gaps in the country. The municipal-scale investigation using Swedish data showed that the country had a national oversupply of 110,000 tons of N, 6,000 tons of P, and 76,000 tons of K. Excreta could provide up to 75% of N and 81% of P, and more than 100% of the K crop needs in the country. The spatial separation was pronounced at the municipal scale in the country. Just 40% of the municipalities produced over 50% of the excreta N and P. Nutrient balance calculations showed that excreta recycling within municipalities could provide 63% of the P crop needs. Another 18% of the P crop needs must be transported from surplus municipalities to deficit municipalities. Nationally, an optimized reallocation of surplus excreta P towards the P deficit municipalities would cost USD 192 million for a total of 24,079 km truck transports. The cost was 3.7 times more than the total NPK fertilizer value transported, and that met the crop nutrient needs. It was concluded that Sweden could potentially reduce its dependence on synthetic fertilizers, but to cover the costs of an improved excreta reuse would require valuing the additional benefits of recycling. An investigation was also done to understand the effect of the input data resolution on the results (transport needs and distances) from a model to optimize excreta redistribution. The results showed that the need for excreta transports, distances, and spatial patterns of the excreta transports changed. Increasing resolution of the spatial data, from political boundaries in Sweden and Pakistan to 0.083 decimal grids (approximately 10 km by 10 km at the equator), showed that transport needs for excreta-N increased by 12% in Pakistan, and the transport needs for excreta-P increased by 14% in Sweden. The effect of the increased resolution on transport analysis showed inconsistency in terms of the excreta total nutrient transportation distance; the average distance decreased by 67% (to 44 km) in Pakistan but increased by 1 km in Sweden. A further increase in the data resolution to 5 km by 5 km grids for Sweden showed that the average transportation distance decreased by 9 km. In both countries, increasing input data resolution resulted in a more favorable cost to fertilizer value ratios. In Pakistan, the cost of transport was only 13% of the NPK fertilizer value transported at a higher resolution. In Sweden, the costs decreased from 3.7 (at the political resolution) to slightly higher than three times of the fertilizer value transported in excreta at the higher data resolution. This Ph.D. thesis shows that we could potentially reduce the total use of synthetic fertilizers in the world and still reduce the yield gaps if we can create a more efficient recycling of nutrients both within and between countries, and a more demand adapted use of synthetic fertilizers. Livsmedelsproduktion är grunden för vårt samhälle idag och för den utveckling som skett det senaste århundrandet. Idag är vi åtta miljarder människor i världen med en produktion och handel med livsmedel, där knappt en miljard lever under hunger och svält. Inom de närmaste decennierna förväntas världens befolkning fortsätta växa och stanna av på omkring 11 till 12 miljarder människor under senare hälften av 2000-talet. För att klara livsmedelsförsörjningen bättre idag, och ännu mer så i framtiden, krävs att vi hittar former för att återföra skördade näringsämnen, som fosfor, kväve och kalium, tillbaka till åkermarken. Många av dessa näringsämnen är ändliga resurser som dessutom bidrar till övergödning om de läcker ut till andra habitat. I dag återfinns det mesta av dessa näringsämnen i gödsel, mänsklig exkreta och rötslam från avloppsreningsverk. Avhandlingen har studerat förutsättningarna för att sluta en större del av näringsämnens cykler i Sverige och Pakistan genom återföring av gödsel och mänsklig exkreta till jordbruksmark, samt utifrån detta även dragit slutsatser om de globala förutsättningar och effekterna av att sluta kretslopp för näringsämnen. Effekterna av att förbättra återförsel av näringsämnen till åkermark innefattar en minskad belastning i miljön som resultat av minskad användning av handelsgödsel, minskad användning av energi för produktion av handelsgödsel, samt framför allt ökade möjligheter för en långsiktigt hållbar hög skörd på åkerarealen. Det finns dock energikostnader vid återförsel av näringsämnen till följd av många och tunga transporter. Avhandlingen har därför analyserat transportkostnader för effektiv återvinning av näringsämnen från djurhållning och mänsklig exkreta och hur stor del av gödselbehovet som kan täckas av dessa återförda näringsämnen. Speciellt har avhandlingen också studerat hur viktigt det är att ta hänsyn till i vilken skala man skall studera problemet, dvs om det är data på gödselbehov och tillgång som är lokala - ända ner på enskilda fält och gårdar - regionala eller nationella som man skall utgå från när man söker efter effektiva lösningar för att sluta näringsämnes cykler. Resultaten visar att större delen av gödselbehovet i både Pakistan och Sverige kan täckas genom återvinning av stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta. I Sverige kan 81% av fosforbehovet täckas på det viset. Transporterna sker i första hand inom kommuner, 63% av behovet, medan de resterande 18% av behovet som kan täckas kräver transporter som är längre och sker mellan kommuner. Kostnaden för transporterna är däremot höga och motsvarar mer än tre gånger kostnaden för motsvarande handelsgödsel. I Pakistan är kostnadsbilden annorlunda, bl.a. eftersom lönekostnaderna är lägre och handelsgödsel är dyrare än i Sverige. Avhandlingen visar att kostnaden för transporter av gödsel i Pakistan skulle motsvara enbart 13% av kostnaden för motsvarande mängd handelsgödsel. Det mesta av återförandet av näringsämnen sker inom distrikt, till exempel är det bara 6% av kvävebehovet som behöver täckas av transporter utanför distrikten. Pakistans handelsgödselanvändning, och därmed kostnad för detta, skulle vid en effektiv återvinning av näringsämnen kunna reduceras ned till 43% av dagens kostnader för kvävegödsel, för fosfor behövs det 0.28 miljoner ton och behovet av kaliumgödsling skulle helt försvinna. Det krävs därmed handelsgödsel motsvarande 2.77 miljarder USD, vilket till del skulle kunna kompenseras av minskade totala kostnader för kväve- och kaliumgödsel. En sådan återföring av näringsämnen i Pakistan skulle också medföra en högre gödseltillförsel till jordbruket och därmed en möjlighet att reducera skördegapet i landet. Skördegapet i Pakistan är betydande med veteskördar kring 25–30% av de möjliga, och dessa skördegap anses bero just på för små gödselgivor. Pakistan har också tydliga problem med livsmedelsförsörjning på grund av dagens skördegap med 20% av en befolkning på 200 miljoner som är undernärda. För Sveriges del är produktionen och avkastningen per areal till följd av gödsling redan hög. En mer effektiv återförsel av näringsämnen i Sverige skulle därför i första hand bidra till att minska användning av handelsgödsel och därmed begränsa användning av ändliga resurser som fosfor. Analyserna i avhandlingen visar till exempel att i Sverige skulle användning av fosfor som handelsgödsel kunna minska med 67% om återförsel av stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta effektiviserades. Analyser av globala data för år 2000 – 2016 visar att den årliga tillgången på näring i gödsel (från djur och människor) motsvarar minst 48% av grödornas N behov, 57% av P behovet och 81% av K behovet. Även om den total mängden näring i stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta inte räcker för att täcka det årliga globala behovet av näring, så visar data på ett överskott på N i minst 29 länder, ett överskott på P i minst 41 länder och 71 länder har ett K-överskott i stallgödsel och exkreta. Om man dessutom räknar in användningen av handelsgödsel blir det ytterligare 42 länder som har överskott på N, 17 länder till med P-överskott och 8 ytterligare med K-överskott. En stor del av resterande länder har ett underskott av näringsämnen (när man summerar gödsel, mänsklig exkreta och handelsgödsel), 57 länder har brist på N, 70 länder behöver mer P och 51 har brist på K i sitt jordbruk, och har därmed lägre skördar än möjligt. Det totala överskottet av näringsämnen i de andra länderna under denna period motsvarar dock rätt väl den brist som länder med underskott uppvisar. Tyvärr är trenden den att de länder som visade på överskott av näringsämnen år 2000 har sammantaget tydligt ökat på överskottet till 2016, medan även underskotten har ökat i flera av länderna med bristande tillförsel av N, P eller K. Sådana globala obalanser har tydliga implikationer för den framtida matförsörjningen och för miljön. Avhandlingen visar att vi idag skulle kunna använda mindre handelsgödsel totalt i världen, och ändå reducera de skördegap som finns, om vi skapar en effektiv återförsel av näringsämnen såväl inom som mellan länder och ett mer behovsanpassat användande av handelsgödsel.

Closing nutrient cycles

Closing nutrient cycles PDF Author: Usman Akram
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9179298753
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 46

Get Book Here

Book Description
Adequate and balanced crop nutrition – with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) – is vital for sustainable crop production. Inadequate and imbalanced crop nutrition contributes to the crop yield gaps – a difference in actual and potential crop yield. Yield gap is one of the many causes of insufficient food production, thus aggravating hunger and malnourishment across the globe. On the other hand, an oversupply of nutrients is highly unsustainable, in terms of both resource conservation and global environmental health. A decreasing excreta recycling in crop production is one of the many reasons for nutrient imbalances in agriculture. Previous studies show that increasing agricultural specialization leads to spatial separation of crop and animal production. Increasing distance between excreta production and crop needs is one of the leading factors that cause reduced excreta recycling. Studies focusing on excreta recycling show that a substantial barrier to a more efficient excreta nutrient reuse is the expensive transportation of bulky volumes of excreta over long distances. In order to overcome that barrier, more detailed spatial estimates of distances between excreta production and crop nutrient needs, and the associated costs for complete excreta transport in an entire country are needed. Hence, the overall aim of this thesis was to quantify the amount of nutrients in the excreta resources compared to the crop nutrient needs at multiple scales (global, national, subnational, and local), and to analyze the need for excreta transports, total distances and costs, to meet the crop nutrient needs in a country. On the global scale, annual (2000-2016) excreta supply (livestock and human) could provide at least 48% of N, 57% of P, and 81% of K crop needs. Although excreta supply was not enough to cover the annual crop nutrient needs at the global scale, at least 29 countries for N, 41 for P, and 71 for K had an excreta nutrient surplus. When including the annual use of synthetic fertilizers, at least 42 additional countries had a N surplus, with the equivalent figures for P being 17 countries, whereas 8 additional countries attained a K surplus. At the same time, when accounting for the use of synthetic fertilizers, each year, at least 57 countries had an N deficit, 70 a P deficit, and 51 countries a K deficit, in total equivalent to 14% of global N and 16% of each P and K crop needs. The total surplus in other countries during the period was always higher than the deficit in the countries with net nutrient deficits, except for P for some years. Unfortunately, both the deficits of the deficit countries and surpluses of the surplus countries were increasing substantially during the 17 years. Such global divergence in nutrient deficits and surpluses have clear implications for global food security and environmental health. A district-scale investigation of Pakistan showed that the country had a national deficit of 0.62 million tons of P and 0.59 million tons of K, but an oversupply of N. The spatial separation was not significant at this resolution; only 6% of the excreta N supply needed to be transported between districts. Recycling all excreta, within and between districts, could cut the use of synthetic N to 43% of its current use and eliminate the need for synthetic K, but there would be an additional need of 0.28 million tons of synthetic P to meet the crop nutrient needs in the entire country. The need for synthetic fertilizers to supplement the recycled excreta nutrients would cost USD 2.77 billion. However, it might not be prohibitively expensive to correct for P deficiencies because of the savings on the costs of synthetic N, and K. Excreta recycling could promote balanced crop nutrition at the national scale in Pakistan, which in turn could eliminate the nutrient-related crop yield gaps in the country. The municipal-scale investigation using Swedish data showed that the country had a national oversupply of 110,000 tons of N, 6,000 tons of P, and 76,000 tons of K. Excreta could provide up to 75% of N and 81% of P, and more than 100% of the K crop needs in the country. The spatial separation was pronounced at the municipal scale in the country. Just 40% of the municipalities produced over 50% of the excreta N and P. Nutrient balance calculations showed that excreta recycling within municipalities could provide 63% of the P crop needs. Another 18% of the P crop needs must be transported from surplus municipalities to deficit municipalities. Nationally, an optimized reallocation of surplus excreta P towards the P deficit municipalities would cost USD 192 million for a total of 24,079 km truck transports. The cost was 3.7 times more than the total NPK fertilizer value transported, and that met the crop nutrient needs. It was concluded that Sweden could potentially reduce its dependence on synthetic fertilizers, but to cover the costs of an improved excreta reuse would require valuing the additional benefits of recycling. An investigation was also done to understand the effect of the input data resolution on the results (transport needs and distances) from a model to optimize excreta redistribution. The results showed that the need for excreta transports, distances, and spatial patterns of the excreta transports changed. Increasing resolution of the spatial data, from political boundaries in Sweden and Pakistan to 0.083 decimal grids (approximately 10 km by 10 km at the equator), showed that transport needs for excreta-N increased by 12% in Pakistan, and the transport needs for excreta-P increased by 14% in Sweden. The effect of the increased resolution on transport analysis showed inconsistency in terms of the excreta total nutrient transportation distance; the average distance decreased by 67% (to 44 km) in Pakistan but increased by 1 km in Sweden. A further increase in the data resolution to 5 km by 5 km grids for Sweden showed that the average transportation distance decreased by 9 km. In both countries, increasing input data resolution resulted in a more favorable cost to fertilizer value ratios. In Pakistan, the cost of transport was only 13% of the NPK fertilizer value transported at a higher resolution. In Sweden, the costs decreased from 3.7 (at the political resolution) to slightly higher than three times of the fertilizer value transported in excreta at the higher data resolution. This Ph.D. thesis shows that we could potentially reduce the total use of synthetic fertilizers in the world and still reduce the yield gaps if we can create a more efficient recycling of nutrients both within and between countries, and a more demand adapted use of synthetic fertilizers. Livsmedelsproduktion är grunden för vårt samhälle idag och för den utveckling som skett det senaste århundrandet. Idag är vi åtta miljarder människor i världen med en produktion och handel med livsmedel, där knappt en miljard lever under hunger och svält. Inom de närmaste decennierna förväntas världens befolkning fortsätta växa och stanna av på omkring 11 till 12 miljarder människor under senare hälften av 2000-talet. För att klara livsmedelsförsörjningen bättre idag, och ännu mer så i framtiden, krävs att vi hittar former för att återföra skördade näringsämnen, som fosfor, kväve och kalium, tillbaka till åkermarken. Många av dessa näringsämnen är ändliga resurser som dessutom bidrar till övergödning om de läcker ut till andra habitat. I dag återfinns det mesta av dessa näringsämnen i gödsel, mänsklig exkreta och rötslam från avloppsreningsverk. Avhandlingen har studerat förutsättningarna för att sluta en större del av näringsämnens cykler i Sverige och Pakistan genom återföring av gödsel och mänsklig exkreta till jordbruksmark, samt utifrån detta även dragit slutsatser om de globala förutsättningar och effekterna av att sluta kretslopp för näringsämnen. Effekterna av att förbättra återförsel av näringsämnen till åkermark innefattar en minskad belastning i miljön som resultat av minskad användning av handelsgödsel, minskad användning av energi för produktion av handelsgödsel, samt framför allt ökade möjligheter för en långsiktigt hållbar hög skörd på åkerarealen. Det finns dock energikostnader vid återförsel av näringsämnen till följd av många och tunga transporter. Avhandlingen har därför analyserat transportkostnader för effektiv återvinning av näringsämnen från djurhållning och mänsklig exkreta och hur stor del av gödselbehovet som kan täckas av dessa återförda näringsämnen. Speciellt har avhandlingen också studerat hur viktigt det är att ta hänsyn till i vilken skala man skall studera problemet, dvs om det är data på gödselbehov och tillgång som är lokala - ända ner på enskilda fält och gårdar - regionala eller nationella som man skall utgå från när man söker efter effektiva lösningar för att sluta näringsämnes cykler. Resultaten visar att större delen av gödselbehovet i både Pakistan och Sverige kan täckas genom återvinning av stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta. I Sverige kan 81% av fosforbehovet täckas på det viset. Transporterna sker i första hand inom kommuner, 63% av behovet, medan de resterande 18% av behovet som kan täckas kräver transporter som är längre och sker mellan kommuner. Kostnaden för transporterna är däremot höga och motsvarar mer än tre gånger kostnaden för motsvarande handelsgödsel. I Pakistan är kostnadsbilden annorlunda, bl.a. eftersom lönekostnaderna är lägre och handelsgödsel är dyrare än i Sverige. Avhandlingen visar att kostnaden för transporter av gödsel i Pakistan skulle motsvara enbart 13% av kostnaden för motsvarande mängd handelsgödsel. Det mesta av återförandet av näringsämnen sker inom distrikt, till exempel är det bara 6% av kvävebehovet som behöver täckas av transporter utanför distrikten. Pakistans handelsgödselanvändning, och därmed kostnad för detta, skulle vid en effektiv återvinning av näringsämnen kunna reduceras ned till 43% av dagens kostnader för kvävegödsel, för fosfor behövs det 0.28 miljoner ton och behovet av kaliumgödsling skulle helt försvinna. Det krävs därmed handelsgödsel motsvarande 2.77 miljarder USD, vilket till del skulle kunna kompenseras av minskade totala kostnader för kväve- och kaliumgödsel. En sådan återföring av näringsämnen i Pakistan skulle också medföra en högre gödseltillförsel till jordbruket och därmed en möjlighet att reducera skördegapet i landet. Skördegapet i Pakistan är betydande med veteskördar kring 25–30% av de möjliga, och dessa skördegap anses bero just på för små gödselgivor. Pakistan har också tydliga problem med livsmedelsförsörjning på grund av dagens skördegap med 20% av en befolkning på 200 miljoner som är undernärda. För Sveriges del är produktionen och avkastningen per areal till följd av gödsling redan hög. En mer effektiv återförsel av näringsämnen i Sverige skulle därför i första hand bidra till att minska användning av handelsgödsel och därmed begränsa användning av ändliga resurser som fosfor. Analyserna i avhandlingen visar till exempel att i Sverige skulle användning av fosfor som handelsgödsel kunna minska med 67% om återförsel av stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta effektiviserades. Analyser av globala data för år 2000 – 2016 visar att den årliga tillgången på näring i gödsel (från djur och människor) motsvarar minst 48% av grödornas N behov, 57% av P behovet och 81% av K behovet. Även om den total mängden näring i stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta inte räcker för att täcka det årliga globala behovet av näring, så visar data på ett överskott på N i minst 29 länder, ett överskott på P i minst 41 länder och 71 länder har ett K-överskott i stallgödsel och exkreta. Om man dessutom räknar in användningen av handelsgödsel blir det ytterligare 42 länder som har överskott på N, 17 länder till med P-överskott och 8 ytterligare med K-överskott. En stor del av resterande länder har ett underskott av näringsämnen (när man summerar gödsel, mänsklig exkreta och handelsgödsel), 57 länder har brist på N, 70 länder behöver mer P och 51 har brist på K i sitt jordbruk, och har därmed lägre skördar än möjligt. Det totala överskottet av näringsämnen i de andra länderna under denna period motsvarar dock rätt väl den brist som länder med underskott uppvisar. Tyvärr är trenden den att de länder som visade på överskott av näringsämnen år 2000 har sammantaget tydligt ökat på överskottet till 2016, medan även underskotten har ökat i flera av länderna med bristande tillförsel av N, P eller K. Sådana globala obalanser har tydliga implikationer för den framtida matförsörjningen och för miljön. Avhandlingen visar att vi idag skulle kunna använda mindre handelsgödsel totalt i världen, och ändå reducera de skördegap som finns, om vi skapar en effektiv återförsel av näringsämnen såväl inom som mellan länder och ett mer behovsanpassat användande av handelsgödsel.

Ecological Biochemistry

Ecological Biochemistry PDF Author: Gerd-Joachim Krauss
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527316507
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 442

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Book Description
The first stand-alone textbook for at least ten years on this increasingly hot topic in times of global climate change and sustainability in ecosystems. Ecological biochemistry refers to the interaction of organisms with their abiotic environment and other organisms by chemical means. Biotic and abiotic factors determine the biochemical flexibility of organisms, which otherwise easily adapt to environmental changes by altering their metabolism. Sessile plants, in particular, have evolved intricate biochemical response mechanisms to fit into a changing environment. This book covers the chemistry behind these interactions, bottom up from the atomic to the system's level. An introductory part explains the physico-chemical basis and biochemical roots of living cells, leading to secondary metabolites as crucial bridges between organisms and the respective ecosystem. The focus then shifts to the biochemical interactions of plants, fungi and bacteria within terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with the aim of linking biochemical insights to ecological research, also in human-influenced habitats. A section is devoted to methodology, which allows network-based analyses of molecular processes underlying systems phenomena. A companion website offering an extended version of the introductory chapter on Basic Biochemical Roots is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/Krauss/Nies/EcologicalBiochemistry

Waste Composting for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture

Waste Composting for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture PDF Author: Pay Drechsel
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 9780851998893
Category : Compost
Languages : en
Pages : 256

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Book Description
Rapid urbanization has created a major challenge with regard to waste management and environmental protection. However, the problem can be ameliorated by turning organic waste into compost for use as an agricultural fertilizer in peri-urban areas. This is especially significant in less developed countries, where food security is also a key issue. This book addresses these subjects and is based on papers presented at a workshop held in Ghana by the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM, now part of the International Water Management Institute) and FAO. Special reference is given to Sub-Saharan Africa, with acknowledgement to experiences from other parts of the world. Contributing authors are from several European, as well as African, countries.

Building Soils for Better Crops

Building Soils for Better Crops PDF Author: Fred Magdoff
Publisher: Sare
ISBN: 9781888626131
Category : Humus
Languages : en
Pages : 294

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Book Description
"'Published by the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program, with funding from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture."

Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management

Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management PDF Author: Tove A. Larsen
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843393484
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 502

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Book Description
Is sewer-based wastewater treatment really the optimal technical solution in urban water management? This paradigm is increasingly being questioned. Growing water scarcity and the insight that water will be an important limiting factor for the quality of urban life are main drivers for new approaches in wastewater management. Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management sets up a comprehensive view of the resources involved in urban water management. It explores the potential of source separation and decentralization to provide viable alternatives to sewer-based urban water management. During the 1990s, several research groups started working on source-separating technologies for wastewater treatment. Source separation was not new, but had only been propagated as a cheap and environmentally friendly technology for the poor. The novelty was the discussion whether source separation could be a sustainable alternative to existing end-of-pipe systems, even in urban areas and industrialized countries. Since then, sustainable resource management and many different source-separating technologies have been investigated. The theoretical framework and also possible technologies have now developed to a more mature state. At the same time, many interesting technologies to process combined or concentrated wastewaters have evolved, which are equally suited for the treatment of source-separated domestic wastewater. The book presents a comprehensive view of the state of the art of source separation and decentralization. It discusses the technical possibilities and practical experience with source separation in different countries around the world. The area is in rapid development, but many of the fundamental insights presented in this book will stay valid. Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management is intended for all professionals and researchers interested in wastewater management, whether or not they are familiar with source separation. Editors: Tove A. Larsen, Kai M. Udert and Judit Lienert, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland. Contributors: Yuval Alfiya, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Prof. Dr. M. Bruce Beck, University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources; Dr. Christian Binz, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Innovation Research in Utility Sectors (Cirus); Prof. em. Dr. Markus Boller, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Urban Water Management (SWW); Prof. Dr. Eran Friedler, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Zenah Bradford-Hartke, The University of New South Wales, School of Chemical Engineering and UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology; Dr. Shelley Brown-Malker, Very Small Particle Company Ltd; Bert Bundervoet, Ghent University, Laboratory Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET); Prof. Dr. David Butler, University of Exeter, Centre for Water Systems; Dr. Christopher A. Buzie, Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection; Dr. Dana Cordell, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF); Dr. Vasileios Diamantis, Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Environmental Engineering; Prof. Dr. Jan Willem Erisman, Louis Bolk Institute; VU University Amsterdam, Department of Earth Sciences; Barbara Evans, University of Leeds, School of Civil Engineering; Prof. Dr. Malin Falkenmark, Stockholm International Water Institute; Dr. Ted Gardner, Central Queensland University, Institute for Resource Industries and Sustainability; Dr. Heiko Gebauer, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Innovation Research in Utility Sectors (Cirus); Prof. em. Dr. Willi Gujer, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering (BAUG); Prof. Dr. Bruce Jefferson, Cranfield University, Cranfield Water Science Institute; Prof. Dr. Paul Jeffrey, Cranfield University, Cranfield Water Science Institute; Sarina Jenni, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Process Engineering Department (Eng); Prof. Dr. Håkan Jönsson, SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology; Prof. Dr. Ïsik Kabdasli, Ïstanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty; Prof. Dr. Jörg Keller, The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC); Prof. Dr. Klaus Kömmerer, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry; Dr. Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld, Wageningen University, Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group; Dr. Tove A. Larsen, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Urban Water Management (SWW); Michele Laureni, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Process Engineering Department (Eng); Prof. Dr. Gregory Leslie, The University of New South Wales, School of Chemical Engineering and UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology; Dr. Harold Leverenz, University of California at Davis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Dr. Judit Lienert, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Social Sciences (ESS); Prof. Dr. Jürg Londong, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Department of Urban Water Management and Sanitation; Dr. Christoph Lüthi, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec); Prof. Dr. Max Maurer, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Urban Water Management (SWW); Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering; Prof. em. Dr. Gustaf Olsson, Lund University, Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering (MIE); Prof. Dr. Ralf Otterpohl, Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection; Dr. Bert Palsma, STOWA, Dutch Foundation for Applied Water Research; Dr. Arne R. Panesar, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH; Prof. Dr. Bruce E. Rittmann, Arizona State University, Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology; Prof. Dr. Hansruedi Siegrist, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Process Engineering Department (Eng); Dr. Ashok Sharma, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia, Land and Water Division; Prof. Dr. Thor Axel Stenström, Stockholm Environment Institute, Bioresources Group; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical Science and Technology; Dr. Eckhard Störmer, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Innovation Research in Utility Sectors (Cirus); Bjartur Swart, STOWA, Dutch Foundation for Applied Water Research; MWH North Europe; Prof. em. Dr. George Tchobanoglous, University of California at Davis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Elizabeth Tilley, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec); Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Centre for Development and Cooperation (NADEL); Prof. Dr. Bernhard Truffer, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Innovation Research in Utility Sectors (Cirus); Prof. Dr. Olcay Tünay, Ïstanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty; Dr. Kai M. Udert, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Process Engineering Department (Eng); Prof. em. Dr. Willy Verstraete, Ghent University, Laboratory Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET); Prof. Dr. Björn Vinnerås, SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology; Prof. Dr. Urs von Gunten, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T); Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC); Prof. em. Dr. Peter A. Wilderer, Technische Universität München, Institute for Advanced Study; Prof. Dr. Jun Xia, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Center for Water Resources Research and Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Surface Processes; Prof. Dr. Grietje Zeeman, Wageningen University, Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group

Forages, Volume 2

Forages, Volume 2 PDF Author: Kenneth J. Moore
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119436613
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 966

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Book Description
Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture, 7th Edition, Volume II will extensively evaluate the current knowledge and information on forage agriculture. Chapters written by leading researchers and authorities in grassland agriculture are aggregated under section themes, each one representing a major topic within grassland science and agriculture. This 7th edition will include two new additional chapters covering all aspects of forage physiology in three separate chapters, instead of one in previous editions. Chapters will be updated throughout to include new information that has developed since the last edition. This new edition of the classic reference serves as a comprehensive supplement to An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture, Volume I.

Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems PDF Author: Petra Marschner
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540680276
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 409

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Book Description
This book presents a comprehensive overview of nutrient cycling processes and their importance for plant growth and ecosystem sustainability. The book combines fundamental scientific studies and devised practical approaches. It contains contributions of leading international authorities from various disciplines resulting in multidisciplinary approaches, and all chapters have been carefully reviewed. This volume will support scientists and practitioners alike.

Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production

Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production PDF Author:
Publisher: EcoSanRes Programme
ISBN: 9188714942
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 43

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Book Description


Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants

Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants PDF Author: Pratibha Singh
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119700493
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 272

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Book Description
PHYSIOLOGY OF SALT STRESS IN PLANTS Discover how soil salinity affects plants and other organisms and the techniques used to remedy the issue In Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants, an editorial team of internationally renowned researchers delivers an extensive exploration of the problem of soil salinity in modern agricultural practices. It also discusses the social and environmental issues caused by salt stress. The book covers the impact of salt on soil microorganisms, crops, and other plants, and presents that information alongside examinations of salt’s effects on other organisms, including aquatic fauna, terrestrial animals, and human beings. Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants describes the morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical dimensions of increasing soil salinity. It also discusses potential remedies and encourages further thought and exploration of this issue. Readers are encouraged to consider less hazardous fertilizers and pesticides, to use safer doses, and to explore and work upon salt resistant varieties of plants. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: Thorough introductions to salt stress perception and toxicity levels and the effects of salt stress on the physiology of crop plants at a cellular level Explorations of the effects of salt stress on the biochemistry of crop plants and salt ion transporters in crop plants at a cellular level Practical discussions of salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants, including prospective signalling, and the effects of salt stress on the morphology, anatomy, and gene expression of crop plants An examination of salt stress on soil chemistry and the plant-atmosphere continuum Perfect for researchers, academics, and students working and studying in the fields of agriculture, botany, entomology, biotechnology, soil science, and plant physiology, Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants will also earn a place on the bookshelves of agronomists, crop scientists, and plant biochemists.

Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery Technologies: Impacts on Energy, Economy and Environment

Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery Technologies: Impacts on Energy, Economy and Environment PDF Author: Juan M. Lema
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1780407866
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 690

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Book Description
This book introduces the 3R concept applied to wastewater treatment and resource recovery under a double perspective. Firstly, it deals with innovative technologies leading to: Reducing energy requirements, space and impacts; Reusing water and sludge of sufficient quality; and Recovering resources such as energy, nutrients, metals and chemicals, including biopolymers. Besides targeting effective C,N&P removal, other issues such as organic micropollutants, gases and odours emissions are considered. Most of the technologies analysed have been tested at pilot- or at full-scale. Tools and methods for their Economic, Environmental, Legal and Social impact assessment are described. The 3R concept is also applied to Innovative Processes design, considering different levels of innovation: Retrofitting, where novel units are included in more conventional processes; Re-Thinking, which implies a substantial flowsheet modification; and Re-Imagining, with completely new conceptions. Tools are presented for Modelling, Optimising and Selecting the most suitable plant layout for each particular scenario from a holistic technical, economic and environmental point of view.