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Author: Jaakko Paasivirta
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540489150
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 370
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Book Description
Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environ mental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities of waste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems.
Author: Jaakko Paasivirta
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540489150
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 370
Get Book Here
Book Description
Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environ mental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities of waste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems.
Author: C. de Boer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642107621
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 213
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Book Description
Chlorinated paraffins are one of the last classes of chlorinated compounds that are still being produced worldwide and used in high quantities in many applications. They are particularly used in cutting oils in the metal industry, but also as lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants and as additives in adhesives, rubber, paints and sealants. This volume covers the state-of-the-art of methods for the synthesis and analysis of chlorinated paraffins. Experts in the field provide an overview of their worldwide occurrence and utilization and describe their toxicological properties. International regulations and production volumes are presented as well as an example of a risk assessment study that was carried out in Japan. This book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information for environmental scientists interested in the occurrence and toxicology of chlorinated paraffins and for authorities and producers.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309171938
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 534
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Book Description
Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.
Author: G. Mózes
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080868681
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 337
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Book Description
Paraffin Products
Author: Leslie R. Rudnick
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351646966
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1432
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Book Description
This indispensable book describes lubricant additives, their synthesis, chemistry, and mode of action. All important areas of application are covered, detailing which lubricants are needed for a particular application. Laboratory and field performance data for each application is provided and the design of cost-effective, environmentally friendly technologies is fully explored. This edition includes new chapters on chlorohydrocarbons, foaming chemistry and physics, antifoams for nonaqueous lubricants, hydrogenated styrene–diene viscosity modifiers, alkylated aromatics, and the impact of REACh and GHS on the lubricant industry.
Author: M.B. Hocking
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642697739
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 474
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Book Description
This text of applied chemistry considers the interface between chemistry and chemical engineering, using examples of some of the important process in dustries. Integrated with this is detailed consideration of measures which may be taken for avoidance or control of potential emissions. This new emphasis in applied chemistry has been developed through eight years of experience gained from working in industry in research, development and environment al control fields, plus twelve years of teaching here using this approach. It is aimed primarily towards science and engineering students as well as to envi ronmentalists and practising professionals with responsibilities or an interest in this interface. By providing the appropriate process information back to back with emis sions and control data, the potential for process fine-tuning is improved for both raw material efficiency and emission control objectives. This approach also emphasizes integral process changes rather than add-on units for emis sion control. Add-on units have their place, when rapid action on an urgent emission problem is required, or when control simply is not feasible by pro cess integral changes alone. Obviously fundamental process changes for emission containment are best conceived at the design stage. However, at whatever stage process modifications are installed, this approach to control should appeal to the industrialist in particular, in that something more sub stantial than decreased emissions may be gained.
Author: Yuan, Bo
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN: 9289375310
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 41
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Book Description
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have received global attention by the authorities as well as the industries using or producing CPs. In late 2017, a group of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and replacement CPs were found in both Norwegian and Swedish mothers’ milk and, later, in mothers’ milk from over 50 countries across the world. his project focused on a comprehensive understanding of body burden and multiple human exposure pathways to both legacy CPs and current-use CPs in a Norwegian cohort. The cohort provided a rare opportunity to explore human exposure to CPs compared to the other consumer chemical contaminants. Combining both internal and external information, it was studied how much and to what extent people are exposed to the chemicals via different pathways, and what the differences are between the legacy CPs and the current CPs in human exposure and accumulation.
Author: K. Kenne
Publisher: Environmental Health Criteria
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
Summary Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to chlorinated paraffins. These complex mixtures are widely used throughout the world as a secondary plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride, as extreme pressure lubricant additives in the metal-working industry, and in fire-retardant and water-repellent fabric treatment. Chlorinated paraffins are also added to paints, coatings, and sealants to improve resistance to water and chemicals. The most extensive section assesses findings from toxicity studies in experimental mammals and in vitro test systems. Studies demonstrate low acute oral toxicity and suggest that acute toxicity by the inhalation and dermal routes is also low. Repeated dose toxicity studies by the oral route consistently show that the liver, kidney and thyroid are the primary targets of toxic action. Long-term carcinogenicity studies in rodents have demonstrated increases in the incidence of hepatic, renal, and thyroid tumours following exposure to a short-chain compound. Following exposure to a long-chain compound, an increased incidence of malignant lymphomas and tumours of the adrenal gland has been observed. In reviewing the limited data on human health effects, the report notes that, despite widespread use of these compounds, no case reports of skin irritation or sensitization have been recorded. This observation is supported by studies of dermal exposure in human volunteers. The report concludes that, when proper personal hygiene and safety procedures are followed, risks to the health of exposed workers should be minimal. Since chlorinated paraffins bioaccumulate and are toxic to environmental organisms, the report recommends that use and disposal of these compounds should be controlled to avoid release to the environment.
Author: Canada. Environment Canada
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chlorinated paraffin
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
Chlorinated paraffins are produced in, and imported into, Canada for use as plasticizers and flame retardants as well as extreme-pressure additives in lubricating oils. This document looks at this substance and examines the summary of information critical to assessment of "toxic", assessment of "toxic" under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, and recommendations for research and evaluation.
Author: John E. Leffler
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 9780486660684
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 500
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Book Description
Graduate-level text stresses extrathermodynamic approach to quantitative prediction and constructs a logical framework that encompasses and classifies all known extrathermodynamic relationships. Numerous figures and tables. Author and Subject Indexes.
