Characterization and Surfactant Enhanced Remediation of Organic Contaminants in Saturated Porous Media PDF Download
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Author: Tammy Palmer Taylor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Organic water pollutants
Languages : en
Pages : 760
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Book Description
Author: Tammy Palmer Taylor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Organic water pollutants
Languages : en
Pages : 760
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309065496
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 301
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Book Description
This book presents a comprehensive, up-to-date review of technologies for cleaning up contaminants in groundwater and soil. It provides a special focus on three classes of contaminants that have proven very difficult to treat once released to the subsurface: metals, radionuclides, and dense nonaqueous-phase liquids such as chlorinated solvents. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup was commissioned by the Department of Energy (DOE) as part of its program to clean up contamination in the nuclear weapons production complex. In addition to a review of remediation technologies, the book describes new trends in regulation of contaminated sites and assesses DOE's program for developing new subsurface cleanup technologies.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030909447X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 371
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Book Description
At hundreds of thousands of commercial, industrial, and military sites across the country, subsurface materials including groundwater are contaminated with chemical waste. The last decade has seen growing interest in using aggressive source remediation technologies to remove contaminants from the subsurface, but there is limited understanding of (1) the effectiveness of these technologies and (2) the overall effect of mass removal on groundwater quality. This report reviews the suite of technologies available for source remediation and their ability to reach a variety of cleanup goals, from meeting regulatory standards for groundwater to reducing costs. The report proposes elements of a protocol for accomplishing source remediation that should enable project managers to decide whether and how to pursue source remediation at their sites.
Author: Barbara Krebs-Yuill
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Micelles
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hydrology
Languages : en
Pages : 628
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Book Description
Author: David A. Sabatini
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dense nonaqueous phase liquids
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
Author: Stéfan Colombano
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Groundwater pollution by chlorinated organic compounds is a major problem. Actually, these particularly toxic pollutants, permanently degrade soil and groundwater quality. Their dispersion (by solubilization and volatilization) from the pollution source zone can generate large contaminants plumes.Chlorinated organic compounds are recovered as pure product (Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids-DNAPL) mainly using pump/treat technologies. However, these technologies are time-consuming and do not recover the pure product in an efficient way. A significant amount of DNAPL remains trapped in soil as residual saturation (Srn). The objective of this PhD project was to enhance DNAPL recovery rate and yield using chemical and thermal enhancements during the pumping process. Temperature increases aimed to reduce the viscosity of DNAPL (and therefore to increase its mobility) while the addition of surfactant aimed to reduce the capillary forces that trap the DNAPL. Experiments at the laboratory scale (based on monitoring of permittivities, electrical resistivities and optical densities) and two-phase flow modeling were performed to quantify the effects of these enhancements. Heating the DNAPL up to 50 °C (to avoid volatilization) decreases the viscosity by a factor of two. The addition of surfactant, Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate-SDBS, at its Critical Micelle Concentration (to prevent DNAPL solubilization) decreases interfacial tensions by a factor of 12. Drainage-imbibition experiments were carried out in 1D cells to obtain the retention curves of the two-phase system (capillary pressure as a function of water saturation). The decreases of Srn obtained with SDBS were 28% for 0.5 mm glass beads (GB) diameter and 46% for 0.1 mm GB. We reported no significant improvement in the remediation yield with thermal enhancement. The curves were fitted with the van Genuchten - Mualem model to generate data for modeling.Drainage-imbibition experiments were carried out in 1D columns to characterize two-phase flow (and in particular the displacement of the DNAPL-water interface according to the pressures applied). The two-phase flow model used a pressure-pressure formulation (using COMSOL Multiphysics®). The modeling of recovered volumes and the displacement of the interface agreed with the experimental results. The remediation yields with chemical and thermal enhancements were of the same order of magnitude as those reported in 1D cells. For 2D tank experiments, pumping was performed at different flow rates with 0.5 mm and 0.1 mm GB. The experiments were also performed with and without enhancement. Models were compared with image interpretation (based on the optical density calibration). Comparing experimental and modeled values shows that the model fitted well with the experiments. The VDNAPL, chemical/VDNAPL, reference ratios were for low and high flow rates on average respectively 2.90 and 1.40 for 0.5 mm GB and 1.37 and 1.18 for 0.1 mm GB. Thermal enhancement had no beneficial effect on DNAPL recovery rate or yield.Indirect measurements of water saturations (Sw) for 1D or 2D experiments yielded the following results: i. the measured permittivities were very similar to the values modeled with the CRIM model; ii. modeling of electrical resistivities with Archie's Law was less accurate; iii. optical densities allow accurate Sw estimation. At field scale, the combination of monitoring both electrical resistivities (which provide a global picture) and permittivities (which provide precise but spatially limited data), is expected to provide Srn data.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
A method for controlling vertical migration of contaminants in an aquifer includes introduction of a solubilizing solution having a surfactant and an alcohol or other light co-solvent. The surfactant is selected to solubilize the contaminant. The alcohol or other solvent is selected to provide the microemulsion with a substantially neutral buoyancy with respect to groundwater. The neutral buoyancy of the microemulsion prevents the normal downward movement which is typical of the solubilized dense non-aqueous phase liquid in surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation. Thus, the risk that any significant amount of the solubilized dense non-aqueous contaminants will migrate vertically can be controlled. The relative tendency for vertical migration may also be reduced by increasing the injection rate or injected fluid viscosity (by adding polymer), or by reducing the well spacing.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309373727
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 177
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Book Description
Fractured rock is the host or foundation for innumerable engineered structures related to energy, water, waste, and transportation. Characterizing, modeling, and monitoring fractured rock sites is critical to the functioning of those infrastructure, as well as to optimizing resource recovery and contaminant management. Characterization, Modeling, Monitoring, and Remediation of Fractured Rock examines the state of practice and state of art in the characterization of fractured rock and the chemical and biological processes related to subsurface contaminant fate and transport. This report examines new developments, knowledge, and approaches to engineering at fractured rock sites since the publication of the 1996 National Research Council report Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Contemporary Understanding and Fluid Flow. Fundamental understanding of the physical nature of fractured rock has changed little since 1996, but many new characterization tools have been developed, and there is now greater appreciation for the importance of chemical and biological processes that can occur in the fractured rock environment. The findings of Characterization, Modeling, Monitoring, and Remediation of Fractured Rock can be applied to all types of engineered infrastructure, but especially to engineered repositories for buried or stored waste and to fractured rock sites that have been contaminated as a result of past disposal or other practices. The recommendations of this report are intended to help the practitioner, researcher, and decision maker take a more interdisciplinary approach to engineering in the fractured rock environment. This report describes how existing tools-some only recently developed-can be used to increase the accuracy and reliability of engineering design and management given the interacting forces of nature. With an interdisciplinary approach, it is possible to conceptualize and model the fractured rock environment with acceptable levels of uncertainty and reliability, and to design systems that maximize remediation and long-term performance. Better scientific understanding could inform regulations, policies, and implementation guidelines related to infrastructure development and operations. The recommendations for research and applications to enhance practice of this book make it a valuable resource for students and practitioners in this field.
Author: Roger Saint-Fort
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Soil contaminated with ubiquitous hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) is a worldwide recurring concern arising from their indiscriminate disposal, improper management, and accidental spills. A wide range of traditional remedial strategies have been the common practice. However, these treatment methods have become cost prohibitive, not environmental friendly, and less accepted by society. Surfactant-enhanced remediation technology represents a cost-effective and green technology alternative to remediate such contaminated sites. Surfactant remediation technologies are conducted in-situ or ex-situ as two broad categories, or in combination. Among these technologies are soil flushing, washing, phytoremediation, and bioremediation. More applied research continues to quantify the efficiency of surfactant-enhanced mass transfer phase using a single surfactant solution while their binary blends to remove mixed HOCs in soils are also a focus of interest for research. There is a great potential to develop novel synthetic and biosurfactants that will exhibit higher biodegradability, less toxicity, higher removal efficiency, more economical and more recyclable. This work thus provides a review of the applications and importance of surfactant-enhanced remediation of soil contaminated with HOCs. Relevant environmental factors, soil properties, surfactant chemistry, mechanisms, mass transfer phase, and field designs are summarized and discussed with purposes of providing greater context and understanding of surfactant-enhanced remediation systems.
