Author: Sass Elisha
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN: 1449610307
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 676
Book Description
Case Studies in Nurse Anesthesia provides succinct and relevant information that can be used by students and professionals in the operating room. Information is written in a question and answer format for easy understanding and the chapters are divided into surgical specialties, with a focus on the most frequently performed procedures. Each case describes the entire perioperative course and discusses the patient’s history and physical, anesthetic concerns, surgical concerns, anesthetic management, differential diagnosis, and potential complications.
Case Studies in Nurse Anesthesia
Author: Sass Elisha
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN: 1449610307
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 676
Book Description
Case Studies in Nurse Anesthesia provides succinct and relevant information that can be used by students and professionals in the operating room. Information is written in a question and answer format for easy understanding and the chapters are divided into surgical specialties, with a focus on the most frequently performed procedures. Each case describes the entire perioperative course and discusses the patient’s history and physical, anesthetic concerns, surgical concerns, anesthetic management, differential diagnosis, and potential complications.
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN: 1449610307
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 676
Book Description
Case Studies in Nurse Anesthesia provides succinct and relevant information that can be used by students and professionals in the operating room. Information is written in a question and answer format for easy understanding and the chapters are divided into surgical specialties, with a focus on the most frequently performed procedures. Each case describes the entire perioperative course and discusses the patient’s history and physical, anesthetic concerns, surgical concerns, anesthetic management, differential diagnosis, and potential complications.
Case Studies in Nurse Anesthesia E-Book
Author: Sass Elisha
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323696694
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 418
Book Description
Clinical case studies make it easy to learn and master perioperative nurse anesthesia! Written in a succinct question-and-answer format, Case Studies in Nurse Anesthesia covers anesthesia management for the most frequently performed surgical procedures. Chapters are organized by surgical specialty, and each case describes the entire perioperative course of care, including the patient's history, physical assessment, anesthetic considerations, surgical concerns, differential diagnosis, and potential complications. From noted anesthesia educator Sass Elisha, this reference will help you learn how to think like a highly skilled nurse anesthetist! - Question-and-answer format provides an easy and engaging way to study the many aspects of perioperative anesthesia. - 55 case studies demonstrate a wide variety of diseases and surgeries, and allow readers to follow the thought process needed for successful nurse anesthesia practice. - Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative perspectives are covered in the case studies and patient scenarios. - Thorough discussions in each chapter include pathophysiology, pharmacology, surgical intervention, anesthesia case management, and postoperative considerations. - Key points and preoperative evaluation notes are included at the beginning of each chapter, with review questions at the end. - Expert author Sass Elisha is also the co-author of the popular text Nagelhout: Nurse Anesthesia.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323696694
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 418
Book Description
Clinical case studies make it easy to learn and master perioperative nurse anesthesia! Written in a succinct question-and-answer format, Case Studies in Nurse Anesthesia covers anesthesia management for the most frequently performed surgical procedures. Chapters are organized by surgical specialty, and each case describes the entire perioperative course of care, including the patient's history, physical assessment, anesthetic considerations, surgical concerns, differential diagnosis, and potential complications. From noted anesthesia educator Sass Elisha, this reference will help you learn how to think like a highly skilled nurse anesthetist! - Question-and-answer format provides an easy and engaging way to study the many aspects of perioperative anesthesia. - 55 case studies demonstrate a wide variety of diseases and surgeries, and allow readers to follow the thought process needed for successful nurse anesthesia practice. - Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative perspectives are covered in the case studies and patient scenarios. - Thorough discussions in each chapter include pathophysiology, pharmacology, surgical intervention, anesthesia case management, and postoperative considerations. - Key points and preoperative evaluation notes are included at the beginning of each chapter, with review questions at the end. - Expert author Sass Elisha is also the co-author of the popular text Nagelhout: Nurse Anesthesia.
Nurse Anesthesia
Author: John J. Nagelhout, CRNA, PhD, FAAN
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455706124
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1395
Book Description
Written specifically for nurse anesthetists, Nurse Anesthesia, 5th Edition provides comprehensive coverage of both scientific principles and evidence-based practice. It offers a complete overview of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology, and offers practical coverage of equipment and anesthesia management. This edition includes updated information on pharmacokinetics, clinical monitoring, drug delivery systems, and complications, and revises chapters on airway management and anesthesia for cardiac surgery. Written by leading nurse anesthesia experts John Nagelhout and Karen Plaus, this perennial bestseller prepares anesthesia students and CRNAs for today's clinical anesthesia practice. Over 650 figures of anatomy, nurse anesthesia procedures, and equipment depict complex concepts and information. An easy-to-use organization covers basic principles first, and builds on those with individual chapters for each surgical specialty. UPDATED references make it quick and simple to find the latest and most important research in the field. Over 700 tables and boxes highlight the most essential information in a quick, easy-to-reference format. Expert CRNA authors provide the current clinical information you'll use in daily practice. UPDATED pharmacology information includes pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems, opiate antagonists, and key induction drugs. Over 100 NEW photos and illustrations enhance your understanding of difficult anesthesia concepts. UPDATED Airway Management and Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery chapters are thoroughly revised. NEW coverage includes robotics, screening applications, and non-operating room best practices.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455706124
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1395
Book Description
Written specifically for nurse anesthetists, Nurse Anesthesia, 5th Edition provides comprehensive coverage of both scientific principles and evidence-based practice. It offers a complete overview of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology, and offers practical coverage of equipment and anesthesia management. This edition includes updated information on pharmacokinetics, clinical monitoring, drug delivery systems, and complications, and revises chapters on airway management and anesthesia for cardiac surgery. Written by leading nurse anesthesia experts John Nagelhout and Karen Plaus, this perennial bestseller prepares anesthesia students and CRNAs for today's clinical anesthesia practice. Over 650 figures of anatomy, nurse anesthesia procedures, and equipment depict complex concepts and information. An easy-to-use organization covers basic principles first, and builds on those with individual chapters for each surgical specialty. UPDATED references make it quick and simple to find the latest and most important research in the field. Over 700 tables and boxes highlight the most essential information in a quick, easy-to-reference format. Expert CRNA authors provide the current clinical information you'll use in daily practice. UPDATED pharmacology information includes pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems, opiate antagonists, and key induction drugs. Over 100 NEW photos and illustrations enhance your understanding of difficult anesthesia concepts. UPDATED Airway Management and Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery chapters are thoroughly revised. NEW coverage includes robotics, screening applications, and non-operating room best practices.
Case Studies of Near Misses in Clinical Anesthesia
Author: John G. Brock-Utne, MD, PhD, FFA(SA)
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441911790
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 223
Book Description
All anesthesiologists eventually face the fear of a “near miss,” when a patient’s life has been put at risk. Learning from the experience is crucial to professionalism and the ongoing development of expertise. Drawing on forty-plus years of practice in major metropolitan hospitals in the United States, Norway, and South Africa, John Brock-Utne, MD presents 80 carefully selected cases that provide the basis for lessons and tips to prevent potential disaster. The cases emphasize problem-centered learning and span a broad range of topics—from an outbreak of operating room infection (could it be the anesthesia equipment?), complications of fiberoptic intubations, and problems with epidural drug pumps, to performing an urgent tracheostomy for the first time, working with an aggressive surgeon, and what to do when a patient falls off the operating table during surgery. 80 true-story clinical “near misses” never before published, ideal for problem-centered learning, recommendations, references, and discussions accompany most cases, rich basis for teaching discussions both in or out of the operating room, settings include sophisticated as well as rudimentary anesthetic environments, complements the author’s other case book, Clinical Anesthesia: Near Misses and Lessons Learned (Springer, 2008).
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441911790
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 223
Book Description
All anesthesiologists eventually face the fear of a “near miss,” when a patient’s life has been put at risk. Learning from the experience is crucial to professionalism and the ongoing development of expertise. Drawing on forty-plus years of practice in major metropolitan hospitals in the United States, Norway, and South Africa, John Brock-Utne, MD presents 80 carefully selected cases that provide the basis for lessons and tips to prevent potential disaster. The cases emphasize problem-centered learning and span a broad range of topics—from an outbreak of operating room infection (could it be the anesthesia equipment?), complications of fiberoptic intubations, and problems with epidural drug pumps, to performing an urgent tracheostomy for the first time, working with an aggressive surgeon, and what to do when a patient falls off the operating table during surgery. 80 true-story clinical “near misses” never before published, ideal for problem-centered learning, recommendations, references, and discussions accompany most cases, rich basis for teaching discussions both in or out of the operating room, settings include sophisticated as well as rudimentary anesthetic environments, complements the author’s other case book, Clinical Anesthesia: Near Misses and Lessons Learned (Springer, 2008).
Morgan and Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology Cases
Author: John F. Butterworth
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education / Medical
ISBN: 9780071836128
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. A new, clinically relevant, case-based review of anesthesiology—based on most widely-read text in the field Essential for written and oral board preparation, this new companion to Morgan and Mikhail’s Clinical Anesthesiology, Sixth Edition is packed with informative clinical case vignettes. 300 succinct case descriptions emphasize common medical issues faced in clinical practice. Each case is followed by a series of board-style question and answers. The book reveals how experienced clinicians use critical thinking in their clinical decision making. With case-based learning now pervasive in training for all medical specialties, especially anesthesiology, this unique resource fills a void in medical publishing. The cases are conveniently organized to match the content of the parent textbook to facilitate side-by-side study. Morgan and Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology Cases is also valuable as a quick clinical refresher before starting a busy day in the operating room. Features: • 300 case descriptions of common perioperative issues • Includes access to online videos demonstrating key procedures • Covers perioperative problems commonly faced in anesthetic practice • Each case is accompanied by board-style Q&As • Organized by subspecialty, disease, procedure, and patient age for easy correlation to real life cases • Ideal for preparation for written and oral board certification, maintenance of certification activities, and ongoing learning for anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, and anesthesiologist assistants
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education / Medical
ISBN: 9780071836128
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. A new, clinically relevant, case-based review of anesthesiology—based on most widely-read text in the field Essential for written and oral board preparation, this new companion to Morgan and Mikhail’s Clinical Anesthesiology, Sixth Edition is packed with informative clinical case vignettes. 300 succinct case descriptions emphasize common medical issues faced in clinical practice. Each case is followed by a series of board-style question and answers. The book reveals how experienced clinicians use critical thinking in their clinical decision making. With case-based learning now pervasive in training for all medical specialties, especially anesthesiology, this unique resource fills a void in medical publishing. The cases are conveniently organized to match the content of the parent textbook to facilitate side-by-side study. Morgan and Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology Cases is also valuable as a quick clinical refresher before starting a busy day in the operating room. Features: • 300 case descriptions of common perioperative issues • Includes access to online videos demonstrating key procedures • Covers perioperative problems commonly faced in anesthetic practice • Each case is accompanied by board-style Q&As • Organized by subspecialty, disease, procedure, and patient age for easy correlation to real life cases • Ideal for preparation for written and oral board certification, maintenance of certification activities, and ongoing learning for anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, and anesthesiologist assistants
Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia
Author: David Shubert, PhD
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
ISBN: 0826107834
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 608
Book Description
Promotes ease of understanding with a unique problem-solving method and new clinical application scenarios! With a focus on chemistry and physics content that is directly relevant to the practice of anesthesia, this text delivers—in an engaging, conversational style--the breadth of scientific information required for the combined chemistry and physics course for nurse anesthesia students. Now in its third edition, the text is updated and reorganized to facilitate a greater ease and depth of understanding. It includes additional clinical application scenarios, detailed, step-by-step solutions to problems, and a Solutions Manual demonstrating a unique method for solving chemistry and physics problems and explaining how to use a calculator. The addition of a third author--a practicing nurse anesthetist--provides additional clinical relevance to the scientific information. Also included is a comprehensive listing of need-to-know equations. The third edition retains the many outstanding learning features from earlier editions, including a special focus on gases, the use of illustrations to demonstrate how scientific concepts relate directly to their clinical application in anesthesia, and end-of-chapter summaries and review questions to facilitate self-assessment. Ten on-line videos enhance teaching and learning, and abundant clinical application scenarios help reinforce scientific principles and relate them to day-to-day anesthesia procedures. This clear, easy-to-read text will help even the most chemistry- and physics-phobic students to master the foundations of these sciences and competently apply them in a variety of clinical situations. New to the Third Edition: The addition of a third co-author--a practicing nurse anesthetist—provides additional clinical relevance Revised and updated to foster ease of understanding Detailed, step-by-step solutions to end-of-chapter problems Solutions Manual providing guidance on general problem-solving, calculator use, and a unique step-by-step problem-solving method Additional clinical application scenarios Comprehensive list of all key equations with explanation of symbols New instructor materials include PowerPoint slides. Updated information on the gas laws Key Features: Written in an engaging, conversational style for ease of understanding Focuses solely on chemistry and physics principles relevant to nurse anesthetists Provides end-of-chapter summaries and review questions Includes abundant illustrations highlighting application of theory to practice
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
ISBN: 0826107834
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 608
Book Description
Promotes ease of understanding with a unique problem-solving method and new clinical application scenarios! With a focus on chemistry and physics content that is directly relevant to the practice of anesthesia, this text delivers—in an engaging, conversational style--the breadth of scientific information required for the combined chemistry and physics course for nurse anesthesia students. Now in its third edition, the text is updated and reorganized to facilitate a greater ease and depth of understanding. It includes additional clinical application scenarios, detailed, step-by-step solutions to problems, and a Solutions Manual demonstrating a unique method for solving chemistry and physics problems and explaining how to use a calculator. The addition of a third author--a practicing nurse anesthetist--provides additional clinical relevance to the scientific information. Also included is a comprehensive listing of need-to-know equations. The third edition retains the many outstanding learning features from earlier editions, including a special focus on gases, the use of illustrations to demonstrate how scientific concepts relate directly to their clinical application in anesthesia, and end-of-chapter summaries and review questions to facilitate self-assessment. Ten on-line videos enhance teaching and learning, and abundant clinical application scenarios help reinforce scientific principles and relate them to day-to-day anesthesia procedures. This clear, easy-to-read text will help even the most chemistry- and physics-phobic students to master the foundations of these sciences and competently apply them in a variety of clinical situations. New to the Third Edition: The addition of a third co-author--a practicing nurse anesthetist—provides additional clinical relevance Revised and updated to foster ease of understanding Detailed, step-by-step solutions to end-of-chapter problems Solutions Manual providing guidance on general problem-solving, calculator use, and a unique step-by-step problem-solving method Additional clinical application scenarios Comprehensive list of all key equations with explanation of symbols New instructor materials include PowerPoint slides. Updated information on the gas laws Key Features: Written in an engaging, conversational style for ease of understanding Focuses solely on chemistry and physics principles relevant to nurse anesthetists Provides end-of-chapter summaries and review questions Includes abundant illustrations highlighting application of theory to practice
Obstetric Anesthesia
Author: Thomas L. Archer
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030264785
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 307
Book Description
With 32 engaging and dramatic cases and 174 colorful, insightful and innovative graphics, this book takes a fresh, creative and highly visual approach to the fundamentals of obstetric anesthesia as well as emerging knowledge and three emerging technologies: 1) pre-procedural ultrasound to facilitate neuraxial block placement, 2) point-of-care transthoracic echocardiography to guide maternal resuscitation, and 3) electrical cardiometry to trend maternal cardiac output and avoid fetal hypoxia. Besides discussing the threats to fetal oxygenation presented by labor and the avoidance of maternal and fetal complications while providing excellent anesthesia, the book also explores the psychological and behavioral dimensions of obstetric anesthesia practice and promotes the obstetric anesthesiologist as a valued member of the obstetric care team who makes unique, insightful and empathic contributions to the overall excellent care of pregnant patients. Obstetric Anesthesia: A Case-Based and Visual Approach is an indispensable resource for medical students, residents, fellows, anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and obstetricians.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030264785
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 307
Book Description
With 32 engaging and dramatic cases and 174 colorful, insightful and innovative graphics, this book takes a fresh, creative and highly visual approach to the fundamentals of obstetric anesthesia as well as emerging knowledge and three emerging technologies: 1) pre-procedural ultrasound to facilitate neuraxial block placement, 2) point-of-care transthoracic echocardiography to guide maternal resuscitation, and 3) electrical cardiometry to trend maternal cardiac output and avoid fetal hypoxia. Besides discussing the threats to fetal oxygenation presented by labor and the avoidance of maternal and fetal complications while providing excellent anesthesia, the book also explores the psychological and behavioral dimensions of obstetric anesthesia practice and promotes the obstetric anesthesiologist as a valued member of the obstetric care team who makes unique, insightful and empathic contributions to the overall excellent care of pregnant patients. Obstetric Anesthesia: A Case-Based and Visual Approach is an indispensable resource for medical students, residents, fellows, anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and obstetricians.
Psychiatric Case Studies for Advanced Practice
Author: Kathleen Prendergast
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1496367839
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 539
Book Description
Get much-needed exposure to real-world clinical scenarios and psychiatric evaluations, with this invaluable guide to positive, effective psychiatric advance practice nursing care. For an expert guide to providing patient-centered, evidence-based psychiatric care, keep Psychiatric Case Studies for Advanced Practice by your side. Practical and easy-to-follow, these more than 50 case scenarios clearly display the complaints, diagnoses, and treatments of the most common psychiatric disorders, supporting the critical decision-making skills of nurses practicing in a broad range of settings. Psychiatric, family, emergency, and general practice nurse practitioners of all experience levels will find this an invaluable aid for creating an informed, holistic practice. Follow the real-life cases and expert analysis of psychiatric patients of a wide variety of ages, backgrounds, and conditions . . . Real-world child, adolescent, adult, and geriatric inpatient and outpatient psychiatric case studies that emphasize problem-based learning and an evidence-based practice Current diagnostic content from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), that includes DSM-5’s newer diagnoses—gender dysphoria, binge eating disorder, and autism spectrum, plus current treatments for alcohol and opiate addiction Sample routine screening tools that offer convenient checklists and handouts to support patient treatment Content presented in a simple format—organized by age and indexed by diagnostic category for quick reference Each case presented in a standard format: chief complaint, history, mental status, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment plan, and rationale for treatment prescribed—with questions at the end that guide you to create a diagnosis using the DSM-5 Cases addressing a wide range of disorders and supporting all experience levels in a variety of treatment settings—counseling centers, correctional facilities, homeless shelters, inpatient psychiatric units, and hospital consultation and liaison services Treatments and rationales that represent current, evidence-based research—treatment sections divided into psychopharmacology, diagnostic tests, referral, psychotherapy, and psychoeducatio Supplemental teaching tool for graduate psychiatric nurse practitioner/APN programs
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1496367839
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 539
Book Description
Get much-needed exposure to real-world clinical scenarios and psychiatric evaluations, with this invaluable guide to positive, effective psychiatric advance practice nursing care. For an expert guide to providing patient-centered, evidence-based psychiatric care, keep Psychiatric Case Studies for Advanced Practice by your side. Practical and easy-to-follow, these more than 50 case scenarios clearly display the complaints, diagnoses, and treatments of the most common psychiatric disorders, supporting the critical decision-making skills of nurses practicing in a broad range of settings. Psychiatric, family, emergency, and general practice nurse practitioners of all experience levels will find this an invaluable aid for creating an informed, holistic practice. Follow the real-life cases and expert analysis of psychiatric patients of a wide variety of ages, backgrounds, and conditions . . . Real-world child, adolescent, adult, and geriatric inpatient and outpatient psychiatric case studies that emphasize problem-based learning and an evidence-based practice Current diagnostic content from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), that includes DSM-5’s newer diagnoses—gender dysphoria, binge eating disorder, and autism spectrum, plus current treatments for alcohol and opiate addiction Sample routine screening tools that offer convenient checklists and handouts to support patient treatment Content presented in a simple format—organized by age and indexed by diagnostic category for quick reference Each case presented in a standard format: chief complaint, history, mental status, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment plan, and rationale for treatment prescribed—with questions at the end that guide you to create a diagnosis using the DSM-5 Cases addressing a wide range of disorders and supporting all experience levels in a variety of treatment settings—counseling centers, correctional facilities, homeless shelters, inpatient psychiatric units, and hospital consultation and liaison services Treatments and rationales that represent current, evidence-based research—treatment sections divided into psychopharmacology, diagnostic tests, referral, psychotherapy, and psychoeducatio Supplemental teaching tool for graduate psychiatric nurse practitioner/APN programs
Anesthesia
Author: Brian A. Hall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Anesthesia
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
A unique review reference featuring nearly 1,000 multiple choice questions. Each question focuses on a key concept or anesthesia problem encountered in daily practice. Answers, explanations, case analyses and references follow, making the information relevant to patient care and standard procedures.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Anesthesia
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
A unique review reference featuring nearly 1,000 multiple choice questions. Each question focuses on a key concept or anesthesia problem encountered in daily practice. Answers, explanations, case analyses and references follow, making the information relevant to patient care and standard procedures.
Pharmacology for Nurse Anesthesiology
Author: Richard Ouellette
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN: 0763786071
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
Pharmacology for Nurse Anesthesiology provides appropriate chemical, biological, and physical information of the actions, interactions, and reactions of medication, particularly as they apply and impact the practice of nurse anesthesia. Written by CRNAs for CRNAs, the information about various drugs is based on theoretical aspects based in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and physics/biophysics and practical aspects straight from actual CRNAs who administer and deal with the medications on a case-by-case, daily basis. The perfect resource for both practicing professionals and students in CRNA programs!
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN: 0763786071
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
Pharmacology for Nurse Anesthesiology provides appropriate chemical, biological, and physical information of the actions, interactions, and reactions of medication, particularly as they apply and impact the practice of nurse anesthesia. Written by CRNAs for CRNAs, the information about various drugs is based on theoretical aspects based in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and physics/biophysics and practical aspects straight from actual CRNAs who administer and deal with the medications on a case-by-case, daily basis. The perfect resource for both practicing professionals and students in CRNA programs!