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Author:
Publisher: International Atomic Energy Agency
ISBN: 9789201277107
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 62
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Book Description
This publication was developed by an international group of experts as an integral part of the IAEAs efforts to contribute to the transfer of technology and capacity building in this field in order to assist Member States in their efforts to improve the nutrition and health of the most vulnerable population groups, infants and young children. The book provides practical information on the assessment of body composition from birth up to two years of age and is intended for nutritionists, pediatricians and other health professionals. The body composition assessment techniques included in this publication were selected as methodologies with the highest potential for standardization globally based on considerations such as access to equipment, cost and the training needs of staff and include stable isotope dilution for total body water assessment, as well as dual energy X ray absorptiometry and air displacement plethysmography. In addition, the importance of standardization of anthrop
Author:
Publisher: International Atomic Energy Agency
ISBN: 9789201277107
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 62
Get Book
Book Description
This publication was developed by an international group of experts as an integral part of the IAEAs efforts to contribute to the transfer of technology and capacity building in this field in order to assist Member States in their efforts to improve the nutrition and health of the most vulnerable population groups, infants and young children. The book provides practical information on the assessment of body composition from birth up to two years of age and is intended for nutritionists, pediatricians and other health professionals. The body composition assessment techniques included in this publication were selected as methodologies with the highest potential for standardization globally based on considerations such as access to equipment, cost and the training needs of staff and include stable isotope dilution for total body water assessment, as well as dual energy X ray absorptiometry and air displacement plethysmography. In addition, the importance of standardization of anthrop
Author: T. Jürimäe
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN: 3805571313
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 191
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Book Description
Stimulating and up to date, this book is a distinctive reference for pediatricians, nutritionists, anthropologists, exercise and sport scientists as well as sport medicine specialists.
Author: Steven Heymsfield
Publisher: Human Kinetics
ISBN: 9780736046558
Category : Anthropometry
Languages : en
Pages : 544
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Book Description
The 2nd edition of Human Body Composition includes updated information and new chapters. The editors and 35 contributors are well respected researchers in the field of body composition science. This is one of few texts that provides comprehensive coverage of body composition research. The primary intent is to present current information on research methods. This book can serve as a textbook for those who are students or new researchers. Descriptions of various methods and background information are imparted in great detail with numerous references. New chapters address energy expenditure, animal body composition, molecular genetics and body composition as it relates to disease states of cancer, HIV, obesity and certain inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This book is recommended for students and new researchers in the field of body composition research who need to learn various methods, histories and practical applications--Publisher's description.
Author: Pontus Henriksson
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 917519094X
Category : Child development
Languages : en
Pages : 67
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Book Description
Body composition in infancy may be of importance for later health. In particular, infant body composition may be relevant regarding obesity risk in childhood. Recent advances in body composition methodology using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) have provided possibilities to accurately measure body composition of infants in a quick and non-invasive manner. The aims of this thesis were to study associations of parental body composition using ADP, glucose homeostasis during pregnancy and infant genetics with infant body composition also using ADP. When using ADP in adults, a correction for the thoracic gas volume (TGV) is needed and TGV can be predicted using equations developed in nonpregnant adults. Thus another aim was to study the validity of using such equations during pregnancy. Parent couples were invited to this study at a routine visit to a maternity clinic in Linköping between September 2008 and October 2010. When the mother was in gestational week 32, parental body composition using ADP and maternal glucose homeostasis variables were assessed. Size and body composition of healthy, singleton and full term (? 37 gestational weeks) infants were measured at 1 and 12 weeks of age and a total of 211 infants were included in the studies. Weight and length at 1 year of age were reported by parents. Saliva samples were collected from the infants to obtain DNA for genotyping of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene. Body composition results calculated using measured and predicted TGV were compared in 27 women. Results showed that predicted TGV yields a very marginal overestimation (0.5 %) of fat mass (FM). Further, each kg increase in maternal and paternal fat-free mass (FFM) was associated with 15.6 g (P=0.001) and 9.1 g (P=0.007), respectively, more FFM in their 1-week old infants. FM of fathers was not related to infant FM. However, maternal FM was positively associated with FM of daughters (5.8 g/kg, P=0.007), but not of sons (P=0.79) at 1 week of age. Similarly, each standard deviation increase in maternal HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance) was related to 52.7 more g of FM (P<0.001) in 1-weekold daughters, but no such relationship was found for sons (P=0.79). The number of risk alleles at the FTO locus rs9939609 was not associated with infant body mass index (BMI) or infant FM at 1 or 12 weeks of age. However, the number of risk alleles was positively associated (P?0.033) with infant length at 1 and 12 weeks of age, and the results suggested that this association was stronger in boys than in girls. The results presented in this thesis show that: i) The use of predicted TGV when applying ADP in gestational week 32 overestimated % FM only slightly. ii) Associations between parental and infant body composition are present early in life. Thus, parental FFM was positively related to FFM in 1-week-old infants. Furthermore, maternal FM and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were positively related to FM of 1-week-old daughters, but no such relationships were observed for sons. iii) The FTO genotype is not associated with infant body fatness at 1 or 12 weeks of age. However, the results suggested that the number of FTO risk alleles is positively associated with infant length, especially in boys. In conclusion, parental and genetic factors were associated with infant size and body composition and these relationships may be of importance for future body composition and health.
Author: Hanna Henriksson
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9175190931
Category : Physical fitness for children
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
Childhood obesity according to the World Health Organization is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The proportion of childhood obesity is high both globally and in Sweden. This is of great concern since obese children tend to stay obese in adulthood. In order to develop strategies to prevent early childhood obesity more knowledge is needed regarding factors explaining why children become overweight and obese. Preventive strategies require accurate and easy-to-use methods to assess physical activity in response to energy expenditure as well as energy intake in young children, but such methods are largely lacking or have shown limited accuracy. The aims of this thesis were: 1) to describe the longitudinal development of body composition from 1 week to 4.5 years of age; 2) to study relationships between measures of body composition and the physical activity level (PAL) at 1.5 and 3 years of age; 3) to evaluate if heart rate recording and movement registration using Actiheart can capture variations in total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) at 1.5 and 3 years; 4) to evaluate the potential of a 7-day activity diary to assess PAL at 1.5 and 3 years of age; 5) to evaluate a new tool (TECH) using mobile phones for assessing energy intake at 3 years of age. Healthy children were investigated at 1 and 12 weeks (n=44), at 1.5 (n=44), 3 (n=33) and 4.5 (n=26) years of age. Body composition was measured using air-displacement plethysmography at 1 and 12 weeks and at 4.5 years of age. At 1.5 and 3 years, body composition, TEE, PAL and AEE were assessed using the doubly labelled water method and indirect calorimetry. Heart rate and movements were recorded using Actiheart (four days) and physical activities were registered using the 7-day diary. Energy intake was assessed using TECH during one complete 24-hour period. Average percentage of total body fat (TBF) and average fat mass index (FMI) were higher (+3 to +81 %), while fat-free mass index (FFMI) was slightly lower (-2 to -9 %), in children in the study from 12 weeks until 4.5 years of age when compared to corresponding reference values. A relationship between TBF% and PAL was found both at 1.5 and 3 years of age. At 3 years, but not at 1.5 years, this could be explained by a relationship between PAL and FFMI. Actiheart recordings explained a significant but small fraction (8%) of the variation in free-living TEE at 1.5 and 3 years, and in AEE (6 %) at 3 years, above that explained by body composition variables. At 1.5 and 3 years of age, PAL estimated by means of the activity diary using metabolic equivalent (MET) values by Ainsworth et al. was not significantly different from reference PAL, but the accuracy for individuals was low. Average energy intake assessed by TECH was not significantly different from TEE. However, the accuracy for individuals was poor. The results of this thesis suggest that 1) The higher body fatness of the children in the study compared to the corresponding reference values may indicate the presence of a secular trend in body composition development characterized by a high body fatness. 2) Body fatness might counteract physical activity at 1.5 years of age when the capacity to perform physical activity is limited, but not at 3 years of age when such a capacity has been developed. 3) Actiheart recordings explained a significant but small fraction of the variation in TEE at 1.5 and 3 years, and in AEE at 3 years of age, above that explained by body composition variables. 4) The activity diary and TECH produced mean values in agreement with reference PAL and TEE, respectively, but the accuracy for individual children was low. In conclusion, the results of this thesis suggest the presence of a secular trend in body composition development in healthy Swedish children, from infancy up to 4.5 years of age, which is characterized by a high body fatness. Methods to assess physical activity and energy intake at 1.5 and 3 years of age provided some promising results on a group level, although further research is needed to increase the accuracy of these methods in individual children.
Author: Sudip Datta Banik
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031278488
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 434
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Book Description
This book analyzes biological and sociocultural factors that influence nutritional status, physical growth, development and maturation of children and adolescents in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries in the perspective of human ecology. Chapters in this book bring together both theoretical and empirical studies that take into account human biological and environmental conditions to understand how ethnic diversity, culturally determined lifestyle and dietary habits influence biological variation of human growth and nutrition in nine LAC countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. The book is divided into three sections. Chapters in the first section analyze nutritional and epidemiological aspects of child growth in the region. Articles in the second section focus on methods to evaluate human growth, development, and maturation. Finally, the third section brings together a series of studies representing different LAC countries, analyzing biocultural impacts on child growth and nutrition. By bringing together studies about the relationship between human biology, cultural diversity, nutrition and health in a region with huge environmental challenges, this volume addresses many of the challenges to achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals 2 (Zero Hunger) and 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). Chapters in this volume present and discuss data on the effects of malnutrition on children's and adolescent's health and development, such as chronic undernutrition or stunting (growth deficit) and excess weight (overweight and obesity) as the risk factors for child morbidity and mortality m due to non-communicable diseases. Human Growth and Nutrition in Latin American and Caribbean Countries will be a valuable resource for both students and researchers in different disciplines dedicated to the interdisciplinary research on the intersection between human biology, cultural diversity, nutrition and health. It will also be a useful source of information for both health professionals and policy makers developing and implementing interventions and public policies to achieve UN’s SDGs 2 and 3, particularly in the LAC regions.
Author: Roberto Fernandes Da Costa
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832519687
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 268
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Book Description
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030904586X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 371
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Book Description
This book surveys the entire field of body composition as it relates to performance. It includes a clear definition of terminology and a discussion of the various methods for measuring body composition. The authored papers represent a state-of-the-art review of this controversial field and address questions such as: What is a better measure of body compositionâ€"body fat or lean body mass? Does being overweight for one's height really affect performance? The book also addresses the issue of physical appearance as it relates to body fatness and performance. It includes an in-depth discussion of many of the topics of interest to those involved in sports medicine and exercise physiology.
Author: Vivian H. Heyward
Publisher: Human Kinetics Publishers
ISBN:
Category : Anthropometry
Languages : en
Pages : 288
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Book Description
Bringing both practitioners and students up to date on the latest body composition methods and equations for healthy and clinical populations, this volume is a comprehensive textbook on body composition assessment.
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789201140098
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This publication was developed by an international group of experts as an integral part of the IAEA's efforts to contribute to the transfer of technology and knowledge in nutrition. Its aim is to assist Member States in their efforts to combat malnutrition by facilitating the use of relevant nuclear techniques. The stable (non-radioactive) isotope technique has been developed to assess intake of human milk in breastfed infants. The practical application of the stable isotope technique, based on analysis of deuterium by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), is presented in this book.
