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Author: Iván Guillermo Vargas Chaves
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : es
Pages : 313
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Book Description
Esta investigación explora la evolución de la patente farmacéutica en España desde su ordenamiento jurídico interno; el régimen aplicable en el Derecho comunitario europeo; y en el comercio internacional. Se realiza, siguiendo esta línea histórica, una aproximación crítica sobre la necesidad de repensar el equilibrio que debe existir entre la exclusividad que otorga la patente a sus titulares, y un acceso a los medicamentos en igualdad de condiciones. La investigación además sustenta, entre otras cuestiones relevantes en el panorama legislativo y jurisprudencial evolutivo, el contexto en el que se dio la protección de las patentes farmacéuticas a través del Acuerdo ADPIC, que marcó un antes y un después, suponiendo para el ordenamiento jurídico español importantes retos respecto a su implementación, aunque sin dejar a un lado el escenario favorable que supuso este Acuerdo para los laboratorios innovadores. Ello, con la problemática implícita para los laboratorios productores de genéricos, que no hacen parte de un sector que, como se señala en las conclusiones, necesariamente pretende aprovecharse del primero; siendo más bien eje cardinal del abastecimiento de los medicamentos en los países en desarrollo, dado los bajos costos que hacen que estos sean accesibles para la población en general. La investigación finaliza dando cuenta de las perspectivas de la patente farmacéutica, concluyendo que pese a todas las consideraciones que se despliegan a lo largo de la investigación, la patente sigue siendo la mejor vía para incentivar el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos, dado el escaso interés del Estado en invertir en este ámbito.
Author: Iván Guillermo Vargas Chaves
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : es
Pages : 313
Get Book Here
Book Description
Esta investigación explora la evolución de la patente farmacéutica en España desde su ordenamiento jurídico interno; el régimen aplicable en el Derecho comunitario europeo; y en el comercio internacional. Se realiza, siguiendo esta línea histórica, una aproximación crítica sobre la necesidad de repensar el equilibrio que debe existir entre la exclusividad que otorga la patente a sus titulares, y un acceso a los medicamentos en igualdad de condiciones. La investigación además sustenta, entre otras cuestiones relevantes en el panorama legislativo y jurisprudencial evolutivo, el contexto en el que se dio la protección de las patentes farmacéuticas a través del Acuerdo ADPIC, que marcó un antes y un después, suponiendo para el ordenamiento jurídico español importantes retos respecto a su implementación, aunque sin dejar a un lado el escenario favorable que supuso este Acuerdo para los laboratorios innovadores. Ello, con la problemática implícita para los laboratorios productores de genéricos, que no hacen parte de un sector que, como se señala en las conclusiones, necesariamente pretende aprovecharse del primero; siendo más bien eje cardinal del abastecimiento de los medicamentos en los países en desarrollo, dado los bajos costos que hacen que estos sean accesibles para la población en general. La investigación finaliza dando cuenta de las perspectivas de la patente farmacéutica, concluyendo que pese a todas las consideraciones que se despliegan a lo largo de la investigación, la patente sigue siendo la mejor vía para incentivar el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos, dado el escaso interés del Estado en invertir en este ámbito.
Author: Iván Guillermo Vargas Chaves
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : es
Pages : 306
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Book Description
Author: OECD
Publisher: Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development
ISBN: 9789264307384
Category : Drug accessibility
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This report reviews the important role of medicines in health sytems, describes recent trends in pharmaceutical expenditure and financing, and summarises the approaches used by OECD countries to determine coverage and pricing.
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9251345619
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
This publication provides an overview of the common and unique sustainability elements of Indigenous Peoples' food systems, in terms of natural resource management, access to the market, diet diversity, indigenous peoples’ governance systems, and links to traditional knowledge and indigenous languages. While enhancing the learning on Indigenous Peoples food systems, it will raise awareness on the need to enhance the protection of Indigenous Peoples' food systems as a source of livelihood for the 476 million indigenous inhabitants in the world, while contributing to the Zero Hunger Goal. In addition, the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition (2016-2025) and the UN Food Systems Summit call on the enhancement of sustainable food systems and on the importance of diversifying diets with nutritious foods, while broadening the existing food base and preserving biodiversity. This is a feature characteristic of Indigenous Peoples' food systems since hundreds of years, which can provide answers to the current debate on sustainable food systems and resilience.
Author: Claudia von Werlhof
Publisher: Beiträge zur Dissidenz
ISBN: 9783631615522
Category : Capitalism
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Western civilization is the Utopia of a better and higher life on Earth. The globalization of neo-liberalism proves that this project has failed. The paradigm of «Critical Theory of Patriarchy» explains this failure and discusses alternatives. By confronting the central civilizations in history, the egalitarian, life-oriented matriarchal one, and the hierarchical, nature and life dominating, hostile patriarchal one, we see that 5000 years of patriarchy have «replaced» matriarchies and nature itself by a «progressive» counter-world of «capital». This transformation characterizes «capitalist patriarchy» including «socialism». Its demise is due to the «alchemical» destruction of the world's resources, thought of, theologically legitimized and fetishized as «creation». This violence is not recognized. Elites have, instead, begun with a new «military alchemy», treating the whole Planet as weapon of mass destruction. Hence, the «Planetary Movement for Mother Earth».
Author: J. Esteban Hernández Bermejo
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9789251032176
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 372
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Book Description
About neglected crops of the American continent. Published in collaboration with the Botanical Garden of Cord�ba (Spain) as part of the Etnobot�nica92 Programme (Andalusia, 1992)
Author: Guillermo Floris Margadant S.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309468086
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 235
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Book Description
Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.
Author: United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
Publisher: Santiago, Chile : United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
Author: William McDonough
Publisher: North Point Press
ISBN: 1429973846
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 207
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Book Description
A manifesto for a radically different philosophy and practice of manufacture and environmentalism "Reduce, reuse, recycle" urge environmentalists; in other words, do more with less in order to minimize damage. But as this provocative, visionary book argues, this approach perpetuates a one-way, "cradle to grave" manufacturing model that dates to the Industrial Revolution and casts off as much as 90 percent of the materials it uses as waste, much of it toxic. Why not challenge the notion that human industry must inevitably damage the natural world? In fact, why not take nature itself as our model? A tree produces thousands of blossoms in order to create another tree, yet we do not consider its abundance wasteful but safe, beautiful, and highly effective; hence, "waste equals food" is the first principle the book sets forth. Products might be designed so that, after their useful life, they provide nourishment for something new-either as "biological nutrients" that safely re-enter the environment or as "technical nutrients" that circulate within closed-loop industrial cycles, without being "downcycled" into low-grade uses (as most "recyclables" now are). Elaborating their principles from experience (re)designing everything from carpeting to corporate campuses, William McDonough and Michael Braungart make an exciting and viable case for change.
