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Author: Robert T. Stephan
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Subsection (e) of K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-4406 requires that, to be approved for use in Kansas, an electronic or electromechanical voting system must prevent the voter from casting more votes for an office or candidate than that which the voter is entitled by law to cast for such office or candidate, and a voting system which does not prevent "overvoting" in the first instance, but merely rejects all votes for an office or candidate by a voter who has overvoted, does not meet these requirements. Any such voting system which does not provide an enclosed voting station which conceals the voter from observation, view or detection while voting does not meet the requirements in K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-4406(h) that such voting system must provide for voting in "absolute secrecy." In evaluating whether an electronic or electromechanical voting system should be approved for use in Kansas, the secretary of state is limited to a consideration of whether the voting system satisfies the requirements of K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-4406 and can be used safely. Cited herein: K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-1310, K.S.A. 25-2703 (as amended by L. 1981, ch. 169, section 1), K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-4401, 25-4404, 25-4405 (as amended by L. 1981, ch. 172, section 1), 25-4406.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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Subsection (e) of K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-4406 requires that, to be approved for use in Kansas, an electronic or electromechanical voting system must prevent the voter from casting more votes for an office or candidate than that which the voter is entitled by law to cast for such office or candidate, and a voting system which does not prevent "overvoting" in the first instance, but merely rejects all votes for an office or candidate by a voter who has overvoted, does not meet these requirements. Any such voting system which does not provide an enclosed voting station which conceals the voter from observation, view or detection while voting does not meet the requirements in K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-4406(h) that such voting system must provide for voting in "absolute secrecy." In evaluating whether an electronic or electromechanical voting system should be approved for use in Kansas, the secretary of state is limited to a consideration of whether the voting system satisfies the requirements of K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-4406 and can be used safely. Cited herein: K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-1310, K.S.A. 25-2703 (as amended by L. 1981, ch. 169, section 1), K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-4401, 25-4404, 25-4405 (as amended by L. 1981, ch. 172, section 1), 25-4406.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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Under the provisions of K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 22-4504 (as amended by L. 1981, ch. 157, sec. 1), the board of supervisors of panels to aid indigent defendants is empowered to adopt rules and regulations concerning the ability of a defendant in a criminal action to retain counsel to assist in his defense. Such rules and regulations specifically relate to the income, assets and anticipated costs of representation of a defendant. Pursuant to the 1981 amendment, such rules and regulations are controlling on any determination by a judge or magistrate as to whether a defendant is financially unable to employ counsel. Moreover, these rules and regulations are adopted in accordance with K.S.A. 77-415 e̲t̲ s̲e̲q̲., thus allowing the legislature to modify or reject them through the adoption of a concurrent resolution (K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 77-426). Insofar as the making of indigency determinations involves the resolution of questions of fact, which is a judicial and not a legislative function, control by the legislature over such determinations is an impermissible interference with the authority of another department of government. Accordingly, those provisions of L. 1981, ch. 157 which require the submission of such rules and regulations to the legislature and which make any rules and regulations so adopted binding on district courts are unconstitutional as violative of the separation of powers doctrine. Cited herein: K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 22-4501, 22-4504 (as amended by L. 1981, ch. 157, section 1), 22-4507, K.S.A. 22-4512, K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 22-4514, 77-415 (as amended by L. 1981, ch. 157, section 3), Kansas Constitution, Article 3, Section 1, United States Bill of Rights, Sixth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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Section 2(a) of Ordinance No. 957 of the city of Osage City, which section requires, as a precondition to the location of a single wide mobile home within the city limits, the "consent of all ascertainable property owners within 300 feet of the property," constitutes an unlawful delegation of legislative power, and violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Cited herein: K.S.A. 75-1218; U.S. Const., 14th Amend.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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A county election officer has no authority to determine the sufficiency of the question stated in the petition for elections but such officer may find a petition insufficient for failure to include an individual date line for each petitioner signing. Cited herein: K.S.A. 25-3601, K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 25-3602, Kan. Const., Art. 12, section 5.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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If enacted, the proposal under consideration by the Senate Committee on Ways and Means that would statutorily require a legislative committee to approve certain leases of real property by state agencies would constitute a significant interference with the operations of the executive department in an area that is essentially executive in character, thereby violating the separation of powers doctrine. However, the legislature may exert control over the lease of office space by state agencies through appropriations, and the conditions, limitations and qualifications imposed on them, and through the enactment of substantive laws prescribing such restrictions on state agencies' powers in this regard as the legislature deems necessary and appropriate. Cited herein: K.S.A. 75-3025, K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 75-3739, 75-3765, 75-3766, 75-5411.
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Through the imposition of fines for unlawful conduct, K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 8-1901(d) imposes criminal liability. In addition, subsection (a) of that statute does not appear to violate the United States Constitution's Equal Protection Clause, although it only imposes liability upon a limited class of persons. Moreover, that subsection appears to convey a sufficiently definite warning as to the conduct proscribed therein, so as to avoid being unconstitutionally vague and uncertain. Cited herein: K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 8-1901, 8-1909, K.S.A. 8-2116, 8-2204, 21-3105, K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 21-4503, U.S. Const., Amend. XIV.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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The statutory requirements for the execution of deeds and other instruments for the conveyance of a corporation's real property or an interest therein are prescribed by K.S.A. 17-6003(g). As long as there is compliance with such requirements, provisions in the corporation's bylaws requiring execution of such instruments by officers of the corporation in addition to those specified in said statute are permissible. However, failure to comply with these bylaw requirements does not, as a general rule, affect the validity of a conveyance made in compliance with the statutory requirements. Cited herein: K.S.A. 17-6003, K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 17-6009, G.S. 1868, ch. 23, section 38.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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Neither the provisions of K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 19-1803, nor the common law doctrine of incompatibility of offices, precludes a person from concurrently serving on the board of trustees of a county hospital and on the board of education of a local school district. Cited herein: K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 19-1803.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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Pursuant to K.S.A. 9-1403, the designation of a specific "period of peak deposits" is permissible only where such period occurs at "tax paying time" or "tax distributing time." Cited herein: K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 9-1402, K.S.A. 9-1403, K.S.A. 1980 Supp. 12-1678a, and 1981 House Bill No. 2235.
Author: Robert T. Stephan
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L. 1981, Ch. 156 section 2(g) does not require that an inmate convicted of a class A, B or C felony by reason of aiding, Abetting, advising or counseling another to commit a crime, or by reason of the principle provided for in subsection (2) of K.S.A. 21-3205, serve one-half of the minimum term of imprisonment imposed by the court. Rather, the law requires that the inmate serve one-half of the term of imprisonment which would be required had not the aiding, abetting, etc. come into play. Thus, on a class A felony conviction, parole eligibility would occur after seven and one-half years of confinement and on a class B or C felony conviction, parole eligibility would occur after service of one-half of the minimum sentence imposed less good time credits available. Cited herein: L. 1981, Ch. 156.
