Assessing Power Plant Cooling Water Intake System Entrainment Impacts PDF Download
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Author:
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Category : Steam power plants
Languages : en
Pages : 105
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Steam power plants
Languages : en
Pages : 105
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric power-plants
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Author: Douglas Dixon
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1482283840
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
The U.S. Clean Water Act calls for the minimization of "adverse environmental impact" at cooling water intake structures. To facilitate an exchange of information among all stakeholders in the issue, the Electric Power Research Institute organised a national symposium in 2001 to discuss the meaning of adverse environmental impact and methods
Author: J.R. Schubel
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323157815
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Book Description
Power Plant Entrainment: A Biological Assessment presents the effects of the various stresses associated with entrainment. This book examines the results of the assessment to develop guidelines for the conceptual design and operation of power plants with once-through cooling systems to minimize the mortalities of entrained organisms. Organized into seven chapters, this book begins with an overview of the characteristics of steam electric plants, which consists of heat source, turbine, boiler, generator, and condenser system. This text then describes the use of biocides to control fouling in the intake and condenser systems of thermal electric power plants in aquatic environments. Other chapters consider the environmental studies of power plants. The final chapter deals with entrained organisms that range from microscopic bacteria and plankton to small fish. This book is a valuable resource for decision makers and their staffs in state and federal regulatory agencies responsible for setting design and operating criteria. Plant managers, scientists, and environmentalist will also find this book useful.
Author: Douglas Dixon
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0203971191
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
The U.S. Clean Water Act calls for the minimization of "adverse environmental impact" at cooling water intake structures. To facilitate an exchange of information among all stakeholders in the issue, the Electric Power Research Institute organised a national symposium in 2001 to discuss the meaning of adverse environmental impact and methods for its assessment. Technical experts in federal and state resource agencies, academia, industry and non-governmental organizations attended the symposium. This is a collection of peer-reviewed papers, intended both to inform and to encourage the development of rules regarding the minimization of adverse environmental impact at cooling water intake structures.
Author:
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Category : Delaware River Estuary
Languages : en
Pages : 342
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Book Description
Author: Sanjeevi Rajagopal
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461416973
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 491
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Book Description
The use of water for industrial purposes is of foremost importance. It is used as a coolant and industrial activities dealing with power generation, steel and iron, paper and pulp and oil require very large amounts of water. The industry, therefore, resorts to large scale abstraction of water from natural water bodies. This water is often treated with chemicals to combat operational problems like biofouling and corrosion. Such withdrawal and subsequent discharge of large amounts of water have the potential to impart significant impact on the recipient water body. The organisms drawn along with the cooling water, as well as those residing at the discharge zone, are subjected to a combination of mechanical, thermal and chemical stress on a continuous basis.
Author:
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Category : Aeronautics in meteorology
Languages : en
Pages : 244
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Electric power-plants
Languages : en
Pages : 23
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Book Description
Author: D. N. Smith
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act requires that cooling water intake structures must reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact. Many existing power plants in the United States utilize once-through cooling systems to condense steam. Once-through systems withdraw large volumes (often hundreds of millions of gallons per day) of water from surface water bodies. As the water is withdrawn, fish and other aquatic organisms can be trapped against the screens or other parts of the intake structure (impingement) or if small enough, can pass through the intake structure and be transported through the cooling system to the condenser (entrainment). Both of these processes can injure or kill the organisms. EPA adopted 316(b) regulations for new facilities (Phase I) on December 18, 2001. Under the final rule, most new facilities could be expected to install recirculating cooling systems, primarily wet cooling towers. The EPA Administrator signed proposed 316(b) regulations for existing facilities (Phase II) on February 28, 2002. The lead option in this proposal would allow most existing facilities to achieve compliance without requiring them to convert once-through cooling systems to recirculating systems. However, one of the alternate options being proposed would require recirculating cooling in selected plants. EPA is considering various options to determine best technology available. Among the options under consideration are wet-cooling towers and dry-cooling towers. Both types of towers are considered to be part of recirculating cooling systems, in which the cooling water is continuously recycled from the condenser, where it absorbs heat by cooling and condensing steam, to the tower, where it rejects heat to the atmosphere before returning to the condenser. Some water is lost to evaporation (wet tower only) and other water is removed from the recirculating system as a blow down stream to control the building up of suspended and dissolved solids. Makeup water is withdrawn, usually from surface water bodies, to replace the lost water. The volume of makeup water is many times smaller than the volume needed to operate a once-through system. Although neither the final new facility rule nor the proposed existing facility rule require dry cooling towers as the national best technology available, the environmental community and several States have supported the use of dry-cooling technology as the appropriate technology for addressing adverse environmental impacts. It is possible that the requirements included in the new facility rule and the ongoing push for dry cooling systems by some stakeholders may have a role in shaping the rule for existing facilities. The temperature of the cooling water entering the condenser affects the performance of the turbine--the cooler the temperature, the better the performance. This is because the cooling water temperature affects the level of vacuum at the discharge of the steam turbine. As cooling water temperatures decrease, a higher vacuum can be produced and additional energy can be extracted. On an annual average, once-through cooling water has a lower temperature than recirculated water from a cooling tower. By switching a once-through cooling system to a cooling tower, less energy can be generated by the power plant from the same amount of fuel. This reduction in energy output is known as the energy penalty. If a switch away from once-through cooling is broadly implemented through a final 316(b) rule or other regulatory initiatives, the energy penalty could result in adverse effects on energy supplies. Therefore, in accordance with the recommendations of the Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group (better known as the May 2001 National Energy Policy), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through its Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), has studied the energy penalty resulting from converting plants with once-through cooling to wet towers or indirect-dry towers. Five locations--Delaware River Basin (Philadelphia), Michigan/Great Lakes (Detroit), Ohio River Valley (Indianapolis), South (Atlanta), and Southwest (Yuma)--were modeled using an ASPEN simulator model. The model evaluated the performance and energy penalty for hypothetical 400-MW coal-fired plants that were retrofitted from using once-through cooling systems to wet- and dry-recirculating systems. The modeling was initially done to simulate the hottest time of the year using temperature input values that are exceeded only 1 percent of the time between June through September at each modeled location. These are the same temperature inputs commonly used by cooling tower designers to ensure that towers perform properly under most climatic conditions.
