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Author: William B. Griffen
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN: 9780806130842
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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Book Description
Apaches at War and Peace is the story of the Chiricahua Apaches on the northern frontier of New Spain from 1750 to 1858, especially those within the region of the Janos presidio in northwestern Chihuahua. Using previously untapped archives in Spain, Mexico, and the United States, William Griffen relates how Apache raids and other hostilities were the norm until Bernardo de Galvez, viceroy of New Spain, encouraged the Apaches to settle near presidios. By 1790 some Apaches were in residence at Janos, and intermittent periods of peace and conflict ensued until Mexican independence brought more radical changes in Indian policy (such as the state of Sonora's offer of bounties for Indian scalps). Griffen explores issues of changing Indian policy, Indian-Mexican relations, and the entry of the United States onto the scene after its invasion of Mexico. For this reprint he includes a new preface discussing recentresearch issues.
Author: William B. Griffen
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN: 9780806130842
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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Book Description
Apaches at War and Peace is the story of the Chiricahua Apaches on the northern frontier of New Spain from 1750 to 1858, especially those within the region of the Janos presidio in northwestern Chihuahua. Using previously untapped archives in Spain, Mexico, and the United States, William Griffen relates how Apache raids and other hostilities were the norm until Bernardo de Galvez, viceroy of New Spain, encouraged the Apaches to settle near presidios. By 1790 some Apaches were in residence at Janos, and intermittent periods of peace and conflict ensued until Mexican independence brought more radical changes in Indian policy (such as the state of Sonora's offer of bounties for Indian scalps). Griffen explores issues of changing Indian policy, Indian-Mexican relations, and the entry of the United States onto the scene after its invasion of Mexico. For this reprint he includes a new preface discussing recentresearch issues.
Author: Mark Santiago
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN: 0806162724
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 265
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Book Description
This book challenges long-accepted historical orthodoxy about relations between the Spanish and the Indians in the borderlands separating what are now Mexico and the United States. While most scholars describe the decades after 1790 as a period of relative peace between the occupying Spaniards and the Apaches, Mark Santiago sees in the Mescalero Apache attacks on the Spanish beginning in 1795 a sustained, widespread, and bloody conflict. He argues that Commandant General Pedro de Nava’s coordinated campaigns against the Mescaleros were the culmination of the Spanish military’s efforts to contain Apache aggression, constituting one of its largest and most sustained operations in northern New Spain. A Bad Peace and a Good War examines the antecedents, tactics, and consequences of the fighting. This conflict occurred immediately after the Spanish military had succeeded in making an uneasy peace with portions of all Apache groups. The Mescaleros were the first to break the peace, annihilating two Spanish patrols in August 1795. Galvanized by the loss, Commandant General Nava struggled to determine the extent to which Mescaleros residing in “peace establishments” outside Spanish settlements near El Paso, San Elizario, and Presidio del Norte were involved. Santiago looks at the impact of conflicting Spanish military strategies and increasing demands for fiscal efficiency as a result of Spain’s imperial entanglements. He examines Nava’s yearly invasions of Mescalero territory, his divide-and-rule policy using other Apaches to attack the Mescaleros, and his deportation of prisoners from the frontier, preventing the Mescaleros from redeeming their kin. Santiago concludes that the consequences of this war were overwhelmingly negative for Mescaleros and ambiguous for Spaniards. The war’s legacy of bitterness lasted far beyond the end of Spanish rule, and the continued independence of so many Mescaleros and other Apaches in their homeland proved the limits of Spanish military authority. In the words of Viceroy Bernardo de Gálvez, the Spaniards had technically won a “good war” against the Mescaleros and went on to manage a “bad peace.”
Author: John Anthony Turcheneske
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 272
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Book Description
Following Geronimo's final surrender, nearly 400 Chiricahua Apaches were uprooted and exiled from their San Carlos, Arizona home--moved first to Florida, then to Alabama and finally to Fort Sill Oklahoma. The author discusses the conflicting interests of the war and interior departments that held them hostage there, as well as the campaign for their release from military custody, their efforts to retain Fort Sill as their permanent home, and the outcome of the Chiricahua's 27-year captivity. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Author: Ian W. Record
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN: 0806186259
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 399
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Book Description
Western Apaches have long regarded the corner of Arizona encompassing Aravaipa Canyon as their sacred homeland. This book examines the evolving relationship between this people and this place, illustrating the enduring power of Aravaipa to shape and sustain contemporary Apache society. Big Sycamore Stands Alone: The Western Apaches, Aravaipa, and the Struggle for Place articulates Aravaipa’s cultural legacy as seen through the eyes of some of its descendants, bringing Apache voices, knowledge, and perspectives to the fore. Focusing on the Camp Grant Massacre as its narrative centerpiece, Ian Record employs a unique approach that reflects how the Apaches conceptualize their history and identity, interweaving four distinct narrative threads: contemporary oral histories of individuals from the San Carlos reservation, historic documentation of Apache relationships to Aravaipa following the reservation’s establishment, descriptions of pre-reservation subsistence practices, and a history of early Apache struggles to maintain their connection with Aravaipa in the face of hostility from outsiders. In addition, Record has mined the research notes of Grenville Goodwin to document important elements of Apache economic, political, and social organization in pre-reservation times. A landmark ethnohistory, Big Sycamore Stands Alone documents a story that goes far beyond Cochise, Geronimo, and the Chiricahuas. Record’s work is a trailblazing synthesis of historical and anthropological materials that lends new insight into the relationship between people and place.
Author: Mark Santiago
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN: 0806186356
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 273
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Book Description
More than two centuries after the Coronado Expedition first set foot in the region, the northern frontier of New Spain in the late 1770s was still under attack by Apache raiders. Mark Santiago’s gripping account of Spanish efforts to subdue the Apaches illuminates larger cultural and political issues in the colonial period of the Southwest and northern Mexico. To persuade the Apaches to abandon their homelands and accept Christian “civilization,” Spanish officials employed both the mailed fist of continuous war and the velvet glove of the reservation system. “Hostiles” captured by the Spanish would be deported, while Apaches who agreed to live in peace near the Spanish presidios would receive support. Santiago’s history of the deportation policy includes vivid descriptions of colleras, the chain gangs of Apache prisoners of war bound together for the two-month journey by mule and on foot from the northern frontier to Mexico City. The book’s arresting title, The Jar of Severed Hands, comes from a 1792 report documenting a desperate break for freedom made by a group of Apache prisoners. After subduing the prisoners and killing twelve Apache men, the Spanish soldiers verified the attempted breakout by amputating the left hands of the dead and preserving them in a jar for display to their superiors. Santiago’s nuanced analysis of deportation policy credits both the Apaches’ ability to exploit the Spanish government’s dual approach and the growing awareness on the Spaniards’ part that the peoples they referred to as Apaches were a disparate and complex assortment of tribes that could not easily be subjugated. The Jar of Severed Hands deepens our understanding of the dynamics of the relationship between Indian tribes and colonial powers in the Southwest borderlands.
Author: Karl Jacoby
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1101159510
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 477
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Book Description
A masterful reconstruction of one of the worst Indian massacres in American history In April 1871, a group of Americans, Mexicans, and Tohono O?odham Indians surrounded an Apache village at dawn and murdered nearly 150 men, women, and children in their sleep. In the past century the attack, which came to be known as the Camp Grant Massacre, has largely faded from memory. Now, drawing on oral histories, contemporary newspaper reports, and the participants? own accounts, prize-winning author Karl Jacoby brings this perplexing incident and tumultuous era to life to paint a sweeping panorama of the American Southwest?a world far more complex, diverse, and morally ambiguous than the traditional portrayals of the Old West.
Author: Paul Andrew Hutton
Publisher: Crown
ISBN: 0770435823
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 546
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Book Description
In the tradition of Empire of the Summer Moon, a stunningly vivid historical account of the manhunt for Geronimo and the 25-year Apache struggle for their homeland. They called him Mickey Free. His kidnapping started the longest war in American history, and both sides--the Apaches and the white invaders—blamed him for it. A mixed-blood warrior who moved uneasily between the worlds of the Apaches and the American soldiers, he was never trusted by either but desperately needed by both. He was the only man Geronimo ever feared. He played a pivotal role in this long war for the desert Southwest from its beginning in 1861 until its end in 1890 with his pursuit of the renegade scout, Apache Kid. In this sprawling, monumental work, Paul Hutton unfolds over two decades of the last war for the West through the eyes of the men and women who lived it. This is Mickey Free's story, but also the story of his contemporaries: the great Apache leaders Mangas Coloradas, Cochise, and Victorio; the soldiers Kit Carson, O. O. Howard, George Crook, and Nelson Miles; the scouts and frontiersmen Al Sieber, Tom Horn, Tom Jeffords, and Texas John Slaughter; the great White Mountain scout Alchesay and the Apache female warrior Lozen; the fierce Apache warrior Geronimo; and the Apache Kid. These lives shaped the violent history of the deserts and mountains of the Southwestern borderlands--a bleak and unforgiving world where a people would make a final, bloody stand against an American war machine bent on their destruction.
Author: Ethan Hawke
Publisher: Grand Central Publishing
ISBN: 1455564109
Category : Comics & Graphic Novels
Languages : en
Pages : 242
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Book Description
Based on exhaustive research, this graphic novel offers a remarkable glimpse into the raw themes of cultural differences, the horrors of war, the search for peace, and, ultimately, retribution. The Apache left an indelible mark on our perceptions of the American West; Indeh shows us why. The year is 1872. The place, the Apache nations, a region torn apart by decades of war. The people, like Goyahkla, lose his family and everything he loves. After having a vision, the young Goyahkla approaches the Apache leader Cochise, and the entire Apache nation, to lead an attack against the Mexican village of Azripe. It is this wild display of courage that transforms the young brave Goyakhla into the Native American hero Geronimo. But the war wages on. As they battle their enemies, lose loved ones, and desperately cling on to their land and culture, they would utter, "Indeh," or "the dead." When it looks like lasting peace has been reached, it seems like the war is over. Or is it? Indeh captures the deeply rich narrative of two nations at war -- as told through the eyes of Naiches and Geronimo -- who then try to find peace and forgiveness. Indeh not only paints a picture of some of the most magnificent characters in the history of our country, but also reveals the spiritual and emotional cost of the Apache Wars.
Author: Janne Lahti
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN: 0806159340
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 329
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Book Description
After the end of the U.S.-Mexican War in 1848, the Southwest Borderlands remained hotly contested territory. Over following decades, the United States government exerted control in the Southwest by containing, destroying, segregating, and deporting indigenous peoples—in essence conducting an extended military campaign that culminated with the capture of Geronimo and the forced removal of the Chiricahua Apaches in 1886. In this book, Janne Lahti charts these encounters and the cultural differences that shaped them. Wars for Empire offers a new perspective on the conduct, duration, intensity, and ultimate outcome of one of America's longest wars. Centuries of conflict with Spain and Mexico had honed Apache war-making abilities and encouraged a culture based in part on warrior values, from physical prowess and specialized skills to a shared belief in individual effort. In contrast, U.S. military forces lacked sufficient training and had little public support. The splintered, protracted, and ferocious warfare exposed the limitations of the U.S. military and of federal Indian policies, challenging narratives of American supremacy in the West. Lahti maps the ways in which these weaknesses undermined the U.S. advance. He also stresses how various Apache groups reacted differently to the U.S. invasion. Ultimately, new technologies, the expansion of Euro-American settlements, and decades of war and deception ended armed Apache resistance. By comparing competing martial cultures and examining violence in the Southwest, Wars for Empire provides a new understanding of critical decades of American imperial expansion and a moment in the history of settler colonialism with worldwide significance.
Author: Almer N. Blazer
Publisher: Clear Light Publishing
ISBN:
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
"Drawn from previously unpublished firsthand accounts of the years 1862 to 1880, this book tells the story of a great chief who was targeted for death by the U.S. military as "the worst of all the Apaches." After disappearing from eight years with his band, Santana emerged as war chief of all the Mescalero bands and eventually won the confidence of the U.S. Government. Using his gifts as a leader and negotiator, Santana was able to persuade the American authorities to prevent the surviving Mescalero Apache from being exterminated by the military. He was finally able to secure a reservation of their traditional homeland in the mountains of south-central New Mexico. Written in the 1940s, Almer N. Blazer's historic manuscript is a vivid recreation of the day-to-day history of Santana and the beleaguered tribe who looked to his leadership during their grave crisis. Blazer writes sympathetically of the tribe's struggle for survival and gives accurate, authoritative descriptions of Mescalero life before it was forever changed by contact with European culture. Almer Blazer grew up at his father's mill, an isolated white outpost in Mescalero territory near Tularosa, New Mexico. The story of Santana's life and achievements comes from the detailed recollections of the author's father, Dr. Joseph H. Blazer, who was Santana's close personal friend and his firm ally in negotiations with the government. Growing up in close association with the Mescalero, Almer Blazer was present at rituals and participated in the typical activities of Mescalero boys. In his manuscript, Almer Blazer presented a vital picture of daily tribal life, customs, and religious beliefs. He faithfully transmitted what he saw, heard, and experienced, preserving oral history and cultural information that might otherwise have been lost during the Mescalero's brutal transition to "modern" life. Dr. Pruit's introduction reconstructs the historical events leading up to the time when Santana emerged as war chief. The book includes rare early photographs of Mescalero Apaches, many of which are from the Blazer family collection." -- Bookcover.
