Author: Kyra Murrell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the environment is a growing field of research for analytical environmental scientists. CECs are a class of anthropogenic pollutants not regulated by governmental agencies, and their potential deleterious environmental and human impacts are largely unknown. One of the main sources of CEC entry into the aquatic environment is wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent as the treated water is often released into bodies of water, such as river and streams. Because most WWTPs were not designed to remove organic micropollutants, many CECs are poorly removed in traditional WWTPs and persist in the treated effluent waters. As a model system for study, the University Park WWTP treats the wastewater from the Penn State main campus. Following primary and secondary treatment, effluent water is then disinfected using sodium hypochlorite ("chlorine contact") and pumped for spray irrigation of over 500 acres of agricultural and forested lands called the Living Filter. The full characterization of CECs in environmental matrices requires the use of both targeted and non-targeted analysis employing a variety of advanced analytical techniques and multi-residue extraction methods. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is utilized for the separation and analysis of complex samples, such as wastewater. In these studies, GCxGC-TOFMS has been utilized for the non-targeted analysis of wastewater influent, effluent, and Living Filter irrigation water. Over the course of three years, these samples were investigated for CECs, revealing a new class of benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors and their transformation products. The tentatively identified chloromethyl-benzotriazole isomers were detected at higher concentrations in the effluent and irrigation water than the influent. Upon further investigation with a lab-scale synthesis, it was determined that the methyl-benzotriazoles in the influent react with sodium hypochlorite during chlorine disinfection to form previously unidentified chloromethyl-benzotriazoles. These compounds were not detected in the groundwater below the Living Filter. Traditionally, the extraction of wastewater and aqueous environmental samples is performed using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). This method is time consuming and solvent intensive therefore a microextraction method, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was investigated. SBSE and LLE were compared for their application to multiclass organic contaminants in the University Park wastewater with GCxGC-TOFMS. LLE was found to be a better method for the quantitative analysis of a broader range of contaminants. SBSE was determined to be a more sensitive method for the non-targeted analysis of trace contaminants in effluent samples. These extraction methods were further tested and verified using wastewater from the Bellefonte, PA municipal WWTP as well as surface waters downstream of the WWTP outfall. 32 CECs, including a variety of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, were detected and tentatively identified in the samples. To further explore the fate and transport of CECs in the University Park wastewater, the soil and crops at the Living Filter were investigated. Specifically, corn roots, leaves, and grain were examined separately to determine the uptake and translocation of contaminants throughout the plant. The Living Filter samples were also compared to a corn crop control site at the agricultural research center at Rock Springs because it is not irrigated with the WWTP effluent. Target compounds detected in the soil and corn samples include herbicides, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Non-targeted principal component analysis of each sample type showed chemical differences between the control and Living Filter samples attributed to the treated wastewater irrigation. In addition, new chloro-dimethyl-benzotriazole compounds were tentatively identified in the wastewater as well as the Living Filter soil and corn root samples. Lastly, another class of CEC, microplastic particles (MPs), was investigated using a different set of analytical techniques. The surface characteristics and chemical composition of neat MP standards were compared to those extracted from personal care products and effluent water from the University Park WWTP. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Optical Profilometry were all utilized for a more comprehensive view of the MP samples. This proof-of-concept study is the first to combine the three methods for MP analysis and demonstrate that MPs extracted from personal care products and WWTP effluent differ greatly from neat microsphere standards of similar sizes. The following research presented in chapters 2-6 has been published or submitted for publication in peer reviewed journals. Chapter 2 has been published in Science of the Total Environment and chapter 6 was published in Analytical Methods. Chapter 3 has been accepted for publication in Talanta. Chapter 4 has been submitted for publication in Analytical Methods and chapter 5 has been submitted to Chemosphere. I am first author on all five of these publications.
Author: Hemen Sarma
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 032385981X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 713
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Book Description
Emerging Contaminants in the Environment: Challenges and Sustainable Practices covers all aspects of emerging contaminants in the environment, from basic understanding to different types of emerging contaminants and how these threaten organisms, their environmental fate studies, detection methods, and sustainable practices of dealing with contaminants. Emerging contaminant remediation is a pressing need due to the ever-increasing pollution in the environment, and it has gained a lot of scientific and public attention due to its high effectiveness and sustainability. The discussions in the book on the bioremediation of these contaminants are covered from the perspective of proven technologies and practices through case studies and real-world data. One of the main benefits of this book is that it summarizes future challenges and sustainable solutions. It can, therefore, become an effective guide to the elimination (through sustainable practices) of emerging contaminants. At the back of these explorations on sustainable bioremediation of emerging contaminants lies the set of 17 goals articulated by the United Nations in its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all its member states. This book provides academics, researchers, students, and practitioners interested in the detection and elimination of emerging contaminants from the environment, with the latest advances by leading experts in emerging contaminants the field of environmental sciences. - Covers most aspects of the most predominant emerging contaminants in the environment, including in soil, air, and water - Describes the occurrence of these contaminants, the problems they cause, and the sustainable practices to deal with the contaminants - Includes data from case studies to provide real-world examples of sustainable practices and emerging contaminant remediation
Author: Marcelo Larramendy
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 953512160X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 242
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Book Description
This edited book, Emerging Pollutants in the Environment Current and Further Implications, includes overviews by significant researchers on the topic of emerging pollutants toxicology, which covers the hazardous effects of common emerging xenobiotics employed in our every day anthropogenic activities. We hope that this book will meet the expectations and needs of all those who are interested in the negative implications of several emerging pollutants on living species.
Author: Bin Gao
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128240881
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 354
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Book Description
Emerging Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater Systems: Occurrence, Impact, Fate and Transport addresses the current need for comprehensive and detailed information on emerging contaminants in the environment. Due to increasing industrial expansion and evolving technologies, novel contaminants are being found in the environment with little information on their analysis, fate and transport. This book covers pharmaceuticals and personal care products, perfluorinated compounds, engineered nanoparticles and microplastics, providing the information environmental scientists require to study their occurrence and interactions, including case studies for each contaminant. This book is a valuable read for postgraduate students, academics, researchers, engineers and other professionals in the fields of Environmental Science, Soil Science, and Hydrology who need the most up-to-date information and analytical methods for analyzing newly emerging contaminants in soil and groundwater. Presents the four most important emerging contaminants of concern that have had little comprehensive coverage to date: pharmaceuticals and personal care products, perfluorinated compounds, engineered nanoparticles and microplastics Focuses on the fate and transport of each emerging contaminant, providing a thorough description of how each contaminant interacts with the environment Includes case studies of each emerging contaminant to complement advances in research to form a comprehensive reference for all emerging contaminants
Author: Kunal Roy
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119681596
Category : Science
Languages : de
Pages : 596
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Book Description
CHEMOMETRICS AND CHEMINFORMATICS IN AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY Explore chemometric and cheminformatic techniques and tools in aquatic toxicology Chemometrics and Cheminformatics in Aquatic Toxicology delivers an exploration of the existing and emerging problems of contamination of the aquatic environment through various metal and organic pollutants, including industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biocides, nanomaterials, pesticides, surfactants, dyes, and more. The book discusses different chemometric and cheminformatic tools for non-experts and their application to the analysis and modeling of toxicity data of chemicals to various aquatic organisms. You’ll learn about a variety of aquatic toxicity databases and chemometric software tools and webservers as well as practical examples of model development, including illustrations. You’ll also find case studies and literature reports to round out your understanding of the subject. Finally, you’ll learn about tools and protocols including machine learning, data mining, and QSAR and ligand-based chemical design methods. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to chemometric and cheminformatic tools and techniques, including machine learning and data mining An exploration of aquatic toxicity databases, chemometric software tools, and webservers Practical examples and case studies to highlight and illustrate the concepts contained within the book A concise treatment of chemometric and cheminformatic tools and their application to the analysis and modeling of toxicity data Perfect for researchers and students in chemistry and the environmental and pharmaceutical sciences, Chemometrics and Cheminformatics in Aquatic Toxicology will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals in the chemical industry and regulators whose work involves chemometrics.
Author: Will J. Backe
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fluorine compounds
Languages : en
Pages : 163
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Book Description
It is the responsibility of humans, as environmental stewards, to monitor our impact on the environment so that efforts can be made to remediate the effects of our actions and change behaviors. To better understand our environmental footprint, sensitive and simple analytical methods are needed to quantify the contaminants that we discharge into our natural surroundings. Emerging environmental contaminants are of particular concern because there is limited or no information available on their occurrence, fate, and toxicity. As a result, the implications of using these chemicals are not well understood. Therefore, accurate environmental data are needed to help scientists and government policy-makers make informed decisions on research directions and chemical regulation. However, challenges exist for the analysis of emerging contaminants, including a lack of suitable analytical standards and internal standards, their broad range of chemical properties, and that they are frequently present at trace levels and in complex environmental matrices. The work presented within this dissertation focuses on the development, validation, and comparison of analytical methodologies based on large-volume injection high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the analysis of emerging environmental contaminants in aqueous environmental matrices. Large-volume injection (e.g. 900 [micro]L to 4,500 [micro]L) is an analytical technique that eliminates sample preparation associated with pre-concentration by injecting larger-than-traditional volumes of sample directly onto a HPLC column. In Chapter 2, a direct aqueous large-volume injection method was developed and validated for the quantification of natural and synthetic androgenic steroids in wastewater influent, wastewater effluent, and river water. This method was then applied to hourly composite samples of wastewater influent that were taken over the course of a single day. This work expands on the research of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals that occur in wastewater and provides an estimate of the community use/abuse of synthetic androgenic steroids. Environmental analytical methods should be as environmentally friendly as possible and efforts should be made to reduce the waste generated during analysis while maintaining analytical performance. In Chapter 3, a method based on large-volume injection was compared to two methods based on solid-phase extraction. The purpose of this comparison was to demonstrate that the same method performance could be achieved by large-volume injection as that by solid-phase extraction while reducing waste, labor, and costs. Estrogens and perfluorinated chemicals were used as model analytes and wastewater influent was used as a model matrix. The results of this study provide convincing reasons for analysts to adopt large-volume injection as an alternative to solid-phase extraction. In Chapter 4, a novel analytical method was developed and validated to quantify newly-identified and legacy fluorinated chemicals in groundwater. The final method combined micro liquid-liquid extraction, non-aqueous large-volume injection, and orthogonal chromatographic separations. Ground water samples collected from six different U.S. military bases was used to demonstrate the method. This is the first report on the occurrence of these newly-identified fluorinated chemicals in any environmental media and serves as a rational for conducting future research on their environmental fate and toxicity. The breadth of the research presented in this dissertation advances the field of environmental analytical chemistry in several areas. First, classes of environmental contaminants for which there is limited (synthetic androgenic steroids) or no (newly-identified fluorochemicals) environmental data were studied. Second, novel methods based on direct-aqueous and non-aqueous large-volume injection were developed and validated to identify and quantify those contaminants. Third, it was demonstrated that solid-phase extraction is not a "necessary evil" needed to develop methods for emerging environmental contaminants in aqueous matrices. Finally, this work is a platform on which other environmental chemists can use to develop large-volume injection methods in the future.
Author: Rolf Halden
Publisher: OUP USA
ISBN: 9780841224964
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book documents the current science of CECs with important new data on the risks associated with a broad range of persistent organic pollutants.
Author: Maria C. Hernandez Soriano
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 953511235X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 922
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Book Description
Soil is an irreplaceable resource that sustains life on the planet, challenged by food and energy demands of an increasing population. Therefore, soil contamination constitutes a critical issue to be addressed if we are to secure the life quality of present and future generations. Integrated efforts from researchers and policy makers are required to develop sound risk assessment procedures, remediation strategies and sustainable soil management policies. Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination provides a wide depiction of current research in soil contamination and risk assessment, encompassing reviews and case studies on soil pollution by heavy metals and organic pollutants. The book introduces several innovative approaches for soil remediation and risk assessment, including advances in phytoremediation and implementation of metabolomics in soil sciences.
Author: Nicolas Flipo
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030542602
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 430
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Book Description
This open access book reviews the water-agro-food and socio-eco-system of the Seine River basin (76,000 km2), and offers a historical perspective on the river’s long-term contamination. The Seine basin is inhabited by circa 17 million people and is impacted by intensive agricultural practices and industrial activities. These pressures have gradually affected its hydrological, chemical and ecological functioning, leading to a maximum chemical degradation between the 1960s and the 1990s. Over the last three decades, while major water-quality improvements have been observed, new issues (e.g. endocrine disruptors, microplastics) have also emerged. The state of the Seine River network, from the headwaters to estuary, is increasingly controlled by the balance between pressures and social responses. This socio-ecosystem provides a unique example of the functioning of a territory under heavy anthropogenic pressure during the Anthropocene era. The achievements made were possible due to the long-term PIREN Seine research program, established in 1989 and today part of the French socio-ecological research network “Zones Ateliers”, itself part of the international Long-term Socio-economic and Ecological Research Network (LTSER). Written by experts in the field, the book provides an introduction to the water budget and the territorial metabolism of the Seine basin, and studies the trajectories and impact of various pollutants in the Seine River. It offers insights into the ecological functioning, the integration of agricultural practices, the analysis of aquatic organic matter, and the evolution of fish assemblages in the Seine basin, and also presents research perspectives and approaches to improve the water quality of the Seine River. Given its scope, it will appeal to environmental managers, scientists and policymakers interested in the long-term contamination of the Seine River.
Author: M. Naeem
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303041552X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 443
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Book Description
This comprehensive volume covers recent studies into agricultural problems caused by soil and water contamination. Considering the importance of agricultural crops to human health, the editors have focused on chapters detailing the negative impact of heavy metals, excessive chemical fertilizer use, nutrients, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, agricultural wastes and toxic pollutants, among others, on agricultural soil and crops. In addition, the chapters offer solutions to these negative impacts through various scientific approaches, including using biotechnology, nanotechnology, nutrient management strategies, biofertilizers, as well as potent PGRs and elicitors. This book serves as a key source of information on scientific and engineered approaches and challenges for the bioremediation of agricultural contamination worldwide. This book should be helpful for research students, teachers, agriculturalists, agronomists, botanists, and plant growers, as well as in the fields of agriculture, agronomy, plant science, plant biology, and biotechnology, among others. It serves as an excellent reference on the current research and future directions of contaminants in agriculture from laboratory research to field application.
