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Author: Taeg Sang Cho
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
A carbon nanotube is considered as a candidate for a next-generation chemical sensor. CNT sensors are attractive as they allow room-temperature sensing of chemicals. From the system perspective, this signifies that the sensor system does not require any micro hotplates, which are one of the major sources of power dissipation in other types of sensor systems. Nevertheless, a poor control of the CNT resistance poses a constraint on the attainable energy efficiency of the sensor platform. An investigation on the CNT sensors shows that the dynamic range of the interface should be 17 bits, while the resolution at each base resistance should be 7 bits. The proposed CMOS interface extends upon the previously published work to optimize the energy performance through both the architecture and circuit level innovations. The 17-bit dynamic range is attained by distributing the requirement into a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and a 8-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). An extra 1-bit leaves room for any unaccounted subblock performance error. Several system-level all-digital calibration schemes are proposed to account for DAC nonlinearity, ADC offset voltage, and a large variation in CNT base resistance. Circuit level techniques are employed to decrease the leakage current in the sensitive frontend node, to decrease the energy consumption of the ADC, and to efficiently control the DAC. The interface circuit is fabricated in 0.18 /m CMOS technology, and can operate at 1.83 kS/s sampling rate at 32 pW worst case power. The resistance measurement error across the whole dynamic range is less than 1.34% after calibration. A functionality of the full chemical sensor system has been demonstrated to validate the concepts introduced in this thesis.
Author: Taeg Sang Cho
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
A carbon nanotube is considered as a candidate for a next-generation chemical sensor. CNT sensors are attractive as they allow room-temperature sensing of chemicals. From the system perspective, this signifies that the sensor system does not require any micro hotplates, which are one of the major sources of power dissipation in other types of sensor systems. Nevertheless, a poor control of the CNT resistance poses a constraint on the attainable energy efficiency of the sensor platform. An investigation on the CNT sensors shows that the dynamic range of the interface should be 17 bits, while the resolution at each base resistance should be 7 bits. The proposed CMOS interface extends upon the previously published work to optimize the energy performance through both the architecture and circuit level innovations. The 17-bit dynamic range is attained by distributing the requirement into a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and a 8-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). An extra 1-bit leaves room for any unaccounted subblock performance error. Several system-level all-digital calibration schemes are proposed to account for DAC nonlinearity, ADC offset voltage, and a large variation in CNT base resistance. Circuit level techniques are employed to decrease the leakage current in the sensitive frontend node, to decrease the energy consumption of the ADC, and to efficiently control the DAC. The interface circuit is fabricated in 0.18 /m CMOS technology, and can operate at 1.83 kS/s sampling rate at 32 pW worst case power. The resistance measurement error across the whole dynamic range is less than 1.34% after calibration. A functionality of the full chemical sensor system has been demonstrated to validate the concepts introduced in this thesis.
Author: Kamran Souri
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319623079
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 133
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Book Description
This book describes the design and implementation of energy-efficient smart (digital output) temperature sensors in CMOS technology. To accomplish this, a new readout topology, namely the zoom-ADC, is presented. It combines a coarse SAR-ADC with a fine Sigma-Delta (SD) ADC. The digital result obtained from the coarse ADC is used to set the reference levels of the SD-ADC, thereby zooming its full-scale range into a small region around the input signal. This technique considerably reduces the SD-ADC’s full-scale range, and notably relaxes the number of clock cycles needed for a given resolution, as well as the DC-gain and swing of the loop-filter. Both conversion time and power-efficiency can be improved, which results in a substantial improvement in energy-efficiency. Two BJT-based sensor prototypes based on 1st-order and 2nd-order zoom-ADCs are presented. They both achieve inaccuracies of less than ±0.2°C over the military temperature range (-55°C to 125°C). A prototype capable of sensing temperatures up to 200°C is also presented. As an alternative to BJTs, sensors based on dynamic threshold MOSTs (DTMOSTs) are also presented. It is shown that DTMOSTs are capable of achieving low inaccuracy (±0.4°C over the military temperature range) as well as sub-1V operation, making them well suited for use in modern CMOS processes.
Author: Saraju Mohanty
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 0071823034
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 829
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Book Description
Covering both the classical and emerging nanoelectronic technologies being used in mixed-signal design, this book addresses digital, analog, and memory components. Winner of the Association of American Publishers' 2016 PROSE Award in the Textbook/Physical Sciences & Mathematics category. Nanoelectronic Mixed-Signal System Design offers professionals and students a unified perspective on the science, engineering, and technology behind nanoelectronics system design. Written by the director of the NanoSystem Design Laboratory at the University of North Texas, this comprehensive guide provides a large-scale picture of the design and manufacturing aspects of nanoelectronic-based systems. It features dual coverage of mixed-signal circuit and system design, rather than just digital or analog-only. Key topics such as process variations, power dissipation, and security aspects of electronic system design are discussed. Top-down analysis of all stages--from design to manufacturing Coverage of current and developing nanoelectronic technologies--not just nano-CMOS Describes the basics of nanoelectronic technology and the structure of popular electronic systems Reveals the techniques required for design excellence and manufacturability
Author: Rebecca Marilyn Ho
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) promise significant energy efficiency benefits versus today's silicon-based FETs. Yet despite this promise, complementary (CMOS) CNFET analog circuitry has never been experimentally demonstrated. This work presents the first reported demonstration of CNFET CMOS analog circuits. For characterization, we fabricate analog building-block circuits such as multiple instances of two-stage op-amps. These CNFET CMOS op-amps achieve gain >700, operate at a scaled sub-500 mV supply voltage, achieve high linearity, and are robust over time. Additionally, we demonstrate a front-end analog sub-system that integrates a CNFET-based breath sensor with an analog sensor interface circuit (transimpedance amplifier followed by a voltage follower to convert resistance change of the chemoresistive CNFET sensor into a buffered output voltage). However, further progress in large-scale CNFET analog circuits is difficult to realize due to the inherent presence of metallic-CNTs (m-CNTs), which create an electrical short between the source and drain of a transistor and can result in excessive leakage current and severe degradation to analog circuit performance. Self-Healing Analog with RRAM and CNFETs (SHARC) is a novel circuit technique that leverages the programmability of resistive random-access memory (RRAM) to overcome the presence of m-CNTs for analog circuits. Here, we experimentally validate SHARC for multiple analog and mixed-signal circuit topologies. Using SHARC, we experimentally demonstrate the first mixed-signal and complex analog circuits fabricated with CNFETs.
Author: 凃智展
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Rasit O. Topaloglu
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319903853
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 279
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Book Description
This book describes the bottleneck faced soon by designers of traditional CMOS devices, due to device scaling, power and energy consumption, and variability limitations. This book aims at bridging the gap between device technology and architecture/system design. Readers will learn about challenges and opportunities presented by “beyond-CMOS devices” and gain insight into how these might be leveraged to build energy-efficient electronic systems.
Author: Bharat Bhushan
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642025250
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1968
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Book Description
Since 2004 and with the 2nd edition in 2006, the Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology has established itself as the definitive reference in the nanoscience and nanotechnology area. It integrates the knowledge from nanofabrication, nanodevices, nanomechanics, Nanotribology, materials science, and reliability engineering in just one volume. Beside the presentation of nanostructures, micro/nanofabrication, and micro/nanodevices, special emphasis is on scanning probe microscopy, nanotribology and nanomechanics, molecularly thick films, industrial applications and microdevice reliability, and on social aspects. In its 3rd edition, the book grew from 8 to 9 parts now including a part with chapters on biomimetics. More information is added to such fields as bionanotechnology, nanorobotics, and (bio)MEMS/NEMS, bio/nanotribology and bio/nanomechanics. The book is organized by an experienced editor with a universal knowledge and written by an international team of over 150 distinguished experts. It addresses mechanical and electrical engineers, materials scientists, physicists and chemists who work either in the nano area or in a field that is or will be influenced by this new key technology.
Author: Ben Carl Johnson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
There is a need to optimize processing circuitry for sensor interfaces in both modern electronics and biology. Several analogs typically exist between sensing systems in electronics and biology: they have transducers to convert one type of energy or signal into one that can be processed by circuitry composed of transistors or neurons, they utilize an amplification stage to boost the sensed signal and suppress unwanted background signals, and then they have some means to store the signal or translate it into useful information. Optimization usually refers to power consumption, or, more specifically, optimizing the energy cost for processing a given amount of information. Circuit optimization requires selecting an appropriate architecture, bandwidth or speed, and output precision for a given task. In this dissertation I present several examples of circuitry in modern electronics and biology optimized for sensor interfaces. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the dissertation. I discuss the similarities of electrical and biological sensor systems, how circuitry works to reduce unnecessary bandwidth and dynamic range of sensed signals for low power processing, and give an essential background to energy efficient CMOS amplifier design. In Chapter 2 I present an orthogonal current reuse amplifier; a topology that circumvents the fundamental noise-power tradeoff in amplifiers by reusing bias current across independent amplifiers. This technique effectively increases am- plifier gm /ID linearly with every additional amplifier at a small cost in headroom voltage. Chapter 3 discusses the dynamics of gamma band oscillations recorded from olfactory bulb slices recorded with microelectrode arrays. Persistent gamma oscillations are induced in slice using methods previously reported for hippocampal slices and are shown to have multiple regions of coherent oscillatory activity across slice. Chapter 4 presents microelectrode arrays developed in CMOS that scale to large electrode counts (+1000), have high spatiotemporal resolution (20kHz at 50[MICRO SIGN]m pitch), and have integrated photosensors for correlating recorded electrical activity with optical stimuli. In Chapter 5 I present a high-speed imager (> 1kfps) for calibrating MEMS intertial sensors in real-time. The imager utilizes polar symmetry to directly extract angular rotation information far more efficiently than standard, cartesianbased imagers.
Author: Sina Parsnejad
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780355205169
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 75
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Book Description
Author: Saroj Rout
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319522191
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 126
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Book Description
This book covers the theoretical background, experimental methods and implementation details to engineer for communication and imaging application, terahertz devices using metamaterials, in mainstream semiconductor foundry processes. This book will provide engineers and physicists an authoritative reference to construct such devices with minimal background. The authors describe the design and construction of electromagnetic (EM) devices for terahertz frequencies (108-1010 cycles/sec) using artificial materials that are a fraction of the wavelength of the incident EM wave, resulting in an effective electric and magnetic properties (permittivity and permeability) that are unavailable in natural materials.
