AN AVAILABILITY MODEL FOR THE SNS LINAC RF SYSTEM. PDF Download
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The Linac RF system is broken down into eight major components for this model. These components are: the klystrons, the waveguide, the water loads, the circulators, the converter/modulator, the transmitter, the window, and the low level RF (LLRF) controls. The mean time between failures (MTBF) for several of the components vary with voltage or klystron power level, and this variation is discussed below. In general, these MTBF's are design requirements supplied to the vendors of the subsystems, and verified at design reviews and by the experience at other accelerators. We assume that the scheduled operational time for the SNS is 6000 hours per year, and use this number to calculate the availability. We have to calculate the total down time during the 6000 hours of operation, and the availability is defined as one minus the unexpected down time for the year, divided by the number of operating hours in the year. Ideally, we would use distributions of MTBF's and MTTR's, since each failure will be different, but the equipment is not yet built, so the distributions are not available, and we make the assumption of constant MTBF and MTTR.
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The Linac RF system is broken down into eight major components for this model. These components are: the klystrons, the waveguide, the water loads, the circulators, the converter/modulator, the transmitter, the window, and the low level RF (LLRF) controls. The mean time between failures (MTBF) for several of the components vary with voltage or klystron power level, and this variation is discussed below. In general, these MTBF's are design requirements supplied to the vendors of the subsystems, and verified at design reviews and by the experience at other accelerators. We assume that the scheduled operational time for the SNS is 6000 hours per year, and use this number to calculate the availability. We have to calculate the total down time during the 6000 hours of operation, and the availability is defined as one minus the unexpected down time for the year, divided by the number of operating hours in the year. Ideally, we would use distributions of MTBF's and MTTR's, since each failure will be different, but the equipment is not yet built, so the distributions are not available, and we make the assumption of constant MTBF and MTTR.
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Pages : 3
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The Spallation Neutron Source being built at the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee requires a 1 GeV proton linac. Los Alamos has responsibility for the RF systems for the entire linac. The linac requires 3 distinct types of RF systems: 2.5-MW peak, 402.5 MHz, RF systems for the RFQ and DTL (7 systems total); 5-MW peak, 805 MHz systems for the CCL and the two energy corrector cavities (6 systems total); and 550-kW peak, 805 MHz systems for the superconducting sections (8 1 systems total). The design of the SNS Linac RF system was presented at the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference in Chicago. Vendors have been selected for the klystrons (3 different vendors), circulators (I vendor), transmitter (1 vendor), and high power RF loads (3 different vendors). This paper presents the results and status of vendor procurements, test results of the major components of the Linac RF system and our installation progress.
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Languages : en
Pages : 10
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The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is in the process of being, designed for operation in 2004. The SNS is a 1 GeV machine consisting of both a normal-conducting and super-conducting linac as well as a ring and target area The linac front end is a 402.5 MHz RFQ being developed by Lawrence Berkeley Lab. The DTL, being developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, is also a copper structure operating at 402.5 MHz, with an 805 MHz CCL structure downstream of it. The expected output energy of the DTL is 87 MeV and that of the CCL is 185 MeV. The RF control system under development for the linac is based on the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator's (LEDA) control system with some new features. This paper will discuss the new design approach and its benefits. Block diagrams and circuit specifics will be addressed. The normal conducting RF control system will be described in detail with reference to the super-conducting control system when appropriate.
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Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accelerator includes a nominally 1000 MeV, 2 mA average current linac consisting of a radio frequency quadrapole (RFQ), drift tube linac (DTL), coupled cavity linac (CCL), a medium and high beta super conducting (SC) linac, and two buncher cavities for beam transport to the ring. Los Alamos is responsible for the RF systems for all sections of the linac. The SNS linac is a pulsed proton linac and the RF system must support a 1 msec beam pulse at up to a 60 Hz repetition rate. The RFQ and DTL utilize seven, 2.5 MW klystrons and operate at 402.5 MHz. The CCL, SC, and buncher cavities operate at 805 MHz. Six, 5 MW klystrons are utilized for the CCL and buncher cavities while eighty-one 550 kW klystrons are used for the SC cavities. All of the RF hardware for the SNS linac is currently in production. This paper will present details of the RF system-level design as well as specific details of the SNS RF equipment. The design parameters will be discussed. One of the design challenges has been achieving a reasonable cost with the very large number of high-power klystrons. The approaches we used to reduce cost and the resulting design compromises will be discussed.
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The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) linac has a high gradient and 2 MW of beam power, and it therefore requires substantial RF power and cooling. There are 94 klystrons in its RF system, a large number for a proton linac. The optimization process and logic that lead to the klystron, transmitter, and power supply sizes is discussed. We also describe the requirements for building and tunnel area, electrical power, and water for this system. The trade-off decisions between low capital cost, low operating cost, and good maintainability are described.
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Pages : 4
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A high-intensity proton linac, such as that being planned for the SNS, requires accurate RF control of cavity fields for the entire pulse in order to avoid beam spill. The current design requirement for the SNS is RF field stability within ±0.5% and ±0.5 . This RF control capability is achieved by the control electronics using the excess RF power to correct disturbances. To minimize the initial capital costs, the RF system is designed with 'just enough' RF power. All the usual disturbances exist, such as beam noise, klystron/HVPS noise, coupler imperfections, transport losses, turn-on and turn-off transients, etc. As a superconducting linac, there are added disturbances of large magnitude, including Lorentz detuning and microphonics. The effects of these disturbances and the power required to correct them are estimated, and the result shows that the highest power systems in the SNS have just enough margin, with little or no excess margin.
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The initial goal of the SNS project is to produce a 1 MW average beam of protons with short pulse lengths onto a neutron-producing target. The objective of the SNS RF system is to generate 117 MW peak of pulsed 805 MHz microwave power with an accelerated beam pulse length of 1.04 ms at a 60 Hz repetition rate. The power system must be upgradeable in peak power to deliver 2 MW average power to the neutron target. The RF system also requires about 3 MW peak of RF power at 402.5 MHz, but that system is not discussed here. The design challenge is to produce an RF system at minimum cost, that is very reliable and economical to operate. The combination of long pulses and high repetition rates make conventional solutions, such as the pulse transformer and transmission line method, very expensive. The klystron, with a modulating anode, and 1.5 MW of peak output power is the baseline RF amplifier, an 56 are required in the baseline design. The authors discuss four power system configurations that are the candidates for the design. The baseline design is a floating-deck modulating anode system. A second power system being investigated is the fast-pulsed power supply, that can be turned on and off with a rise time of under 0.1 ms. This could eliminate the need for a modulator, and drastically reduce the energy storage requirements. A third idea is to use a pulse transformer with a series IGBT switch and a bouncer circuit on the primary side, as was done for the TESLA modulator. A fourth method is to use a series IGBT switch at high voltage, and not use a pulse transformer. The authors discuss the advantages and problems of these four types of power systems, but they emphasize the first two.
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For a pulsed LINAC such as the SNS, an adaptive feed-forward algorithm plays an important role in reducing the repetitive disturbance caused by the pulsed operation conditions. In most modern feed-forward control algorithms, accurate real time system identification is required to make the algorithm more effective. In this paper, an efficient wavelet method is applied to the system identification in which the Haar function is used as the base wavelet. The advantage of this method is that the Fourier transform of the Haar function in the time domain is a sine function in the frequency domain. Thus we can directly obtain the system transfer function in the frequency domain from the coefficients of the time domain system response.
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Los Alamos completed the R & D program for the SNS linac in September 2002 with publication of a comprehensive report on the SNS coupled-cavity linac (CCL) hot model. In this paper we summarize the results of this R & D program and its effect on the SNS linac design. We review the design of the bridge-coupled CCL, the refinement of the design through cold models, and the fabrication and testing of a hot model. We describe the RF system used to power the model, the prototype water and vacuum systems, and the experimental tests of these systems, including low-power, high-power, and radiation measurements. The CCL hotmodel experiments answered vital questions about design, manufacturability, tunabily, and stability for this type of RF structure.
