An Analysis of Water-use and Energy-use Impacts of Residential-scale Evaporative Cooling Technologies PDF Download
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Author: Nasim Tajmand
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781369343182
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The use of evaporative technology for cooling increases the demand for good water quality (e.g., treated municipal water). The problem is further aggravated in regions with poor water quality and where long-term droughts have decreased water availability. At the same time, energy savings achieved by new evaporative cooling technologies compared to conventional systems have attracted attention in hot and dry climatic zones. In this study, the balance between water consumption and energy savings, and concerns about adequate water quantity and quality, were examined in small-scale evaporative cooling systems. First, the trade-off between water use and energy savings was explored by comparing energy base and cost analyses for three different water resources (tap water, rainwater, and desalination water). Then, one laboratory study to understand the precipitation reaction mechanism in small-scale evaporative cooling systems, plus one field experiment, were conducted to understand water quality impacts and concerns raised by evaporative cooling technologies. The results of the study indicate that evaporative cooling technologies make sense in terms of energy and cost expended in hot and dry climates, even considering the high energy costs of desalination water. Mineral scale deposition formed for water of both low and high hardness (a range representative of municipal water resources) due to high degrees of mineral saturation. The use of rainwater could both mitigate the challenges of scale deposition from municipal tap water (by providing excellent water quality) and decrease water consumption by reducing bleed rate.
Author: Nasim Tajmand
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781369343182
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The use of evaporative technology for cooling increases the demand for good water quality (e.g., treated municipal water). The problem is further aggravated in regions with poor water quality and where long-term droughts have decreased water availability. At the same time, energy savings achieved by new evaporative cooling technologies compared to conventional systems have attracted attention in hot and dry climatic zones. In this study, the balance between water consumption and energy savings, and concerns about adequate water quantity and quality, were examined in small-scale evaporative cooling systems. First, the trade-off between water use and energy savings was explored by comparing energy base and cost analyses for three different water resources (tap water, rainwater, and desalination water). Then, one laboratory study to understand the precipitation reaction mechanism in small-scale evaporative cooling systems, plus one field experiment, were conducted to understand water quality impacts and concerns raised by evaporative cooling technologies. The results of the study indicate that evaporative cooling technologies make sense in terms of energy and cost expended in hot and dry climates, even considering the high energy costs of desalination water. Mineral scale deposition formed for water of both low and high hardness (a range representative of municipal water resources) due to high degrees of mineral saturation. The use of rainwater could both mitigate the challenges of scale deposition from municipal tap water (by providing excellent water quality) and decrease water consumption by reducing bleed rate.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
This paper describes the latest results of an ongoing analysis investigating the potential for evaporative cooling as an energy-efficient alternative to standard air-conditioning in California residences. In particular, the study uses detailed numerical models of evaporative coolers linked with the DOE-2 building energy simulation program to study the issues of indoor comfort, energy and peak demand savings with and without supplemental air-conditioning and consumptive water use. In addition, limited surveys are used to assess the current market availability of evaporative cooling in California, typical contractor practices and costs, and general acceptance of the technology among engineers, contractors, and manufacturers. The results show that evaporative coolers can provide significant energy and peak demand savings in California residences, but the impact of the increased indoor humidity on human comfort remains an unanswered question that requires further research and clarification. Evaluated against ASHRAE comfort standards developed primarily for air-conditioning both direct and two-stage evaporative coolers would not maintain comfort at peak cooling conditions due to excessive humidity. However, using bioclimatic charts that place human comfort at the 80% relative humidity line, the study suggests that direct evaporative coolers will work in mild coastal climates, while two-stage models should provide adequate comfort in Title 24 houses throughout California, except in the Imperial Valley. The study also shows that evaporative coolers will increase household water consumption by less than 6% on an annual basis, and as much as 23% during peak cooling months, and that the increases in water cost are minimal compared to the electricity savings. Lastly, a survey of engineers and contractors revealed generally positive experiences with evaporative coolers, with operational cost savings, improved comfort, unproved air quality as the primary benefits in their use.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 666
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Book Description
Author: Ravi Mishra
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
Recent researches and a few facility owners have focused on eliminating the chiller plant altogether by implementing 'Evaporative Cooling', as an alternative or augmentation to compressor-based air conditioning since the energy consumption is dominated by the compressor work (around 41%) in the chiller plant. Because evaporative cooling systems consume water, when evaluating the energy savings potential of these systems, it is imperative to consider not just their impacts on electricity use, but also their impacts on water consumption as well since Joe Kava, Google's head of data center operations, was quoted as saying that water is the "big elephant in the room" for data center companies. The objective of this study was to calculate the savings achieved in water consumption when these evaporative cooling systems were completely or partially marginalized when the facility is strictly working in the Economizer mode also known as 'free cooling' considering other modes of cooling required only for a part of the time when outside temperature, humidity and pollutant level were unfavorable causing improper functioning and reliability issues. The analysis was done on ASHRAE climatic zones with the help of TMY-3 weather data.
Author: Robert A. Paddock
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cooling
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 518
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Book Description
Author: Mansi Vijay Prajapati
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air conditioning
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Book Description
Data center cooling is becoming important to maintain environmental condition for ITEInformation technology equipment. Conventional evaporative wet cooling media lowers the temperature of the dry bulb temperature of incoming air in which heat transfer to water film and sensibly cool the product air by increasing moisture into air. Wet cooling media technique requires large quantity of clean water, which is reducing area where water is very less. Therefore, indirect evaporative cooling is good alternative. Chiller plants/Indirect Evaporative cooling(IEC) are used as a cooling source for larger data centers as they are more efficient in heat transfer without adding moisture into product air. In this study, Chilled water is supplied to the heat exchanger unit ASC- 8 row copper coils indirect heat exchanger. Hot air stream across the coils transfer heat energy to the chilled water inside the coil and excessive moisture in secondary air will be condensed before the outlet as it will reach to the dew point. Focus of this study is to identify the various configurations for cooling coils. Parametric study has been carried out to show the impact of both water and air velocities on coil performance. Variable primary flow of water in chilled water cooling unit has been studied to improve efficiency with reducing pumping power. Weather bin analysis of DFW area for several months has been done. Optimization of coil design has been studied by maintaining balance with coil face area, air pressure drop, and water pressure drop parameters. Numerical simulation data has been validated with Aztek indirect evaporative cooling unit.
Author: National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 492
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Book Description
Author: Maite M. Aldaya
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136538526
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 224
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Book Description
People use lots of water for drinking, cooking and washing, but significantly more for producing things such as food, paper and cotton clothes. The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer. Indirect use refers to the 'virtual water' embedded in tradable goods and commodities, such as cereals, sugar or cotton. The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. This book offers a complete and up-to-date overview of the global standard on water footprint assessment as developed by the Water Footprint Network. More specifically it: o Provides a comprehensive set of methods for water footprint assessment o Shows how water footprints can be calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses o Contains detailed worked examples of how to calculate green, blue and grey water footprints o Describes how to assess the sustainability of the aggregated water footprint within a river basin or the water footprint of a specific product o Includes an extensive library of possible measures that can contribute to water footprint reduction
Author: Jarek Kurnitski
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039213792
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 374
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Book Description
HVAC systems, load shifting, indoor climate, and energy and ventilation performance analyses are the key topics when improving energy performance in new and renovated buildings. This development has been boosted by the recently established nearly zero energy building requirements that will soon be in use in all EU Member States, as well as similar long-term zero energy building targets in Japan, the US, and other countries. The research covered in this Special Issue provides evidence of how new technical solutions have worked, in practice, in new or renovated buildings, and also discusses problems and how solutions should be further developed. Another focus is on the more detailed calculation methods needed for the correct design and sizing of dedicated systems, and for accurate quantification of energy savings. Occupant behavior and building operation is also examined, in order to avoid common performance gaps between calculated and measured performance. These topics demonstrate the challenge of high performance buildings as, in the end, comfortable buildings with good indoor climate which are easy and cheap to operate and maintain are expected by end customers. Ventilation performance, heating and cooling, sizing, energy predictions and optimization, load shifting, and field studies are some of the key topics in this Special Issue, contributing to the future of high performance buildings with reliable operation.
