An Analysis of Objectives, Costs, and Controls of Municipal Support of Volunteer Fire Companies in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania PDF Download
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Author: William Richard Schmalzried
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 168
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Author: William Richard Schmalzried
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 168
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Author: Pennsylvania Economy League
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Local government
Languages : en
Pages : 436
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Author: American Municipal Association
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Author: Edward Sheaffer Goodhart
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fire departments
Languages : en
Pages : 260
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Author: Pamela W. Martin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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The main objective of this study was to answer the question: What, if any, cost burden is assumed by California's volunteer firefighters? While there are many studies on volunteerism in fire service, none directly examine the out of pocket expenses that may be incurred by non career-track firefighters. Volunteer fire departments represent a substantial cost savings in areas such as rural communities. However, studies indicate that often volunteer fire departments do not provide adequate equipment, leaving volunteers in the potential position of having to buy their own equipment. A more complete understanding of the price of being a volunteer firefighter would inform future policies designed to retain and support fire service volunteers. Sources of Data I obtained relevant data from a telephone survey. Responses were gathered from twelve fire chiefs in randomly-selected, all-volunteer fire departments throughout the state. Respondents discussed the costs of training and equipment and related expenses, as well as the non-monetary costs of the hours volunteers must spend in training and on duty. Conclusions and recommendations The results suggest that although volunteer firefighters do have out of pocket expenses, the costs do not appear prohibitively high, and volunteers for the most part accept expenditures as a part of the responsibility of service. Some volunteers are also on a career track, which may induce them to regard training and equipment as an investment. Based on the findings, the state should consider policy options designed to help communities that wish to augment the training and equipment that may be lacking at the level of the volunteer fire department. Such policies could include offering grants, matching funds, and low-interest loans. A follow-up study, including a comprehensive survey of volunteer firefighters, is needed to obtain a clearer picture of the state of volunteer fire service in California.
Author: Joachim Toby Tourbier
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Flood control
Languages : en
Pages : 372
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Books
Languages : en
Pages : 754
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Author: K. Ramesh Reddy
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429531931
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 926
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Book Description
The globally important nature of wetland ecosystems has led to their increased protection and restoration as well as their use in engineered systems. Underpinning the beneficial functions of wetlands are a unique suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate elemental cycling in soils and the water column. This book provides an in-depth coverage of these wetland biogeochemical processes related to the cycling of macroelements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, secondary and trace elements, and toxic organic compounds. In this synthesis, the authors combine more than 100 years of experience studying wetlands and biogeochemistry to look inside the black box of elemental transformations in wetland ecosystems. This new edition is updated throughout to include more topics and provide an integrated view of the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in wetland systems. The influence of the elemental cycles is discussed at a range of scales in the context of environmental change including climate, sea level rise, and water quality. Frequent examples of key methods and major case studies are also included to help the reader extend the basic theories for application in their own system. Some of the major topics discussed are: Flooded soil and sediment characteristics Aerobic-anaerobic interfaces Redox chemistry in flooded soil and sediment systems Anaerobic microbial metabolism Plant adaptations to reducing conditions Regulators of organic matter decomposition and accretion Major nutrient sources and sinks Greenhouse gas production and emission Elemental flux processes Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments Coupled C-N-P-S processes Consequences of environmental change in wetlands# The book provides the foundation for a basic understanding of key biogeochemical processes and its applications to solve real world problems. It is detailed, but also assists the reader with box inserts, artfully designed diagrams, and summary tables all supported by numerous current references. This book is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem biogeochemistry with a focus in wetlands and aquatic systems.
Author: Deborah Linnell
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780971742604
Category : Nonprofit organizations
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Author: Michigan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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