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Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Programs
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 72
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air quality
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 99
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air quality
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Book Description
Author: Akshay Ashok
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 161
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Book Description
Air transportation is an integral part of the economy and the transportation infrastructure. However, aircraft activity at airports generates CO2 emissions that affect the climate and other pollutants that affect air quality and human health. The focus of this thesis is to enable the reduction of the air quality impacts of aircraft operations at airports by (1) advancing the understanding of the relationship between aircraft activity and its air quality impacts and (2) evaluating the air quality benefits of controlling aircraft operations. There are atmospheric conditions where decreasing fuel burn (which is directly proportional to CO2 emissions) results in increased population exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). This thesis quantifies the duration and magnitude of the tradeoffs between CO2 emissions and population exposure. The research complements current studies that optimize aircraft operations at airports for CO2 emissions but have not quantified the air quality implications of doing so. This raises the possibility of reducing the air quality impacts of airports beyond focusing only on minimizing fuel burn. Next, this thesis characterizes the atmospheric conditions that give rise to tradeoffs between emissions and population exposure to ozone. The ozone exposure response to nitrogen oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions is quantified as a function of ambient NOx and VOC concentrations using ozone exposure isopleths. This is the first time that ozone exposure isopleths are created for all locations in the US, using emission sensitivities from the adjoint of an air quality model. Metrics are calculated based on the isopleths which can be used to determine whether NOx and VOC emission reductions will improve ozone exposure or be counter-productive and the optimal NOx/VOC reduction ratio. Finally, this thesis calculates, for the first time, the air quality and climate benefits of pushback control and de-rated takeoffs for simulated aircraft operations at the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW). Operations are also optimized for minimum air quality, environmental and fuel combustion-related costs. The results show that the gate holding strategy is effective in mitigating the environmental impacts of taxi operations at airports, reducing CO2 emissions and air quality impacts by 35-40% relative to a baseline without gate holds. De-rated takeoffs at 75% thrust are effective in reducing the air quality impacts of takeoff operations by 19% but increase fuel burn by 3% relative to full-thrust takeoffs. Environmental costs are minimized with average optimal thrust setting of 81%, while maintenance cost savings are estimated to be 2 orders of magnitude larger than the increase in fuel costs from de-rated takeoffs.
Author: James E. McCarthy
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437931065
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 14
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Book Description
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. Aircraft are a significant source of greenhouse gases. In the U.S., aircraft of all kinds are estimated to emit between 2.6% and 3.4% of the nation¿s total greenhouse gas emissions. The impact of U.S. aviation on climate change is perhaps twice that size when other factors are considered. These include the contribution of aircraft emissions to ozone formation, and the water vapor and soot that aircraft emit. This report provides background on aviation emissions and the factors affecting them; discusses the tools available to control emissions, incl. existing authority under the Clean Air Act and proposed economy-wide cap-and-trade legislation; and examines international regulatory developments that may affect U.S. commercial airlines. Charts and tables.
Author: Prakash Prashanth
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Aviation is an integral part of modern society and economy. A fundamental challenge facing the aviation sector in the coming decades is to enable the 3.8% projected growth in air traffic per year and the associated benefits while simultaneously reducing aviation's impact on the environment in terms of air quality and climate. This thesis improves the scientific understanding of the atmospheric impacts attributable to aviation gas turbine emissions and the means of mitigating them with a focus on the propulsion system. Specifically, this thesis addresses aspects of 1) aerosol formation from aviation-attributable NO[subscript x] and SO[subscript x], 2) the technical extent to which the air quality and climate impacts of aviation can be minimized, and 3) how propulsion system design for supersonic commercial aircraft in the future would impact the environment. I first address how emissions of aerosol precursors species - NO[subscript x] and SO[subscript x] from aircraft gas turbine engines - results in aerosol formation. I quantify the contribution of the different pathways to the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol and their associated impact on radiative forcing and population exposure to pollutants at the surface. A key finding is that 47% of the aviation NO[subscript x] emissions-attributable aerosol RF is due to sulfate aerosol formed through the NO[subscript x]-sulfate pathway where, aviation-attributable oxidants derived from aviation NO[subscript x] emissions result in the oxidation of SO[subscript x] emissions to sulfate aerosol. Moreover, 88% of this sulfate related RF through the NO[subscript x]-sulfate pathway is due to the oxidation of non-aviation SO[subscript x], highlighting the coupling between aviation and non-aviation emissions. Furthermore, I show that aviation emissions of NOx are responsible for ~95% of aviation-attributable population exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone. I then undertake the notional design of an aircraft system to assess whether it is technically feasible to have an aircraft system with net-zero climate impact and >95% reduction in air quality impacts relative to the present. The identified system relies on (1) an aviation fuel with low lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; (2) an aircraft design which accommodates post-combustion emissions control devices to enable a 96% reduction in emissions of NO[subscript x]; (3) operational strategies for contrail avoidance; and (4) atmospheric CO2 removal with geological storage at small scale (1% of geological storage potential) to address GHG emissions which are otherwise prohibitively expensive to avoid. The proposed system reduces the combined climate and air quality impacts by 99% for a 16-22% increase in direct operating costs (excluding invested capital costs of aircraft and required infrastructure). I then consider the environmental impacts that may arise from the addition of new capability in the form of commercial supersonic transport (SST) to the current system. Prior development of propulsion systems for SSTs have relied on derivative engines. I quantify the impact that constraints imposed by such a derivative engine design have on its performance relative to a clean-sheet design. Accounting for technology improvements, the clean-sheet design results in a 4% lower SFC than the derivative engine, with the SFC improvements being most sensitive to the ability to design low-NOx combustors followed by turbomachinery efficiency. A fleet of 140 supersonic business jets using the derivative or clean-sheet engines result in ~13 mDU of column ozone depletion per billion available seat-kilometers in 2035.
