Air-Sea Exchange of Heat and Moisture During Storms PDF Download
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Author: R.S. Bortkovskii
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401706875
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 206
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Book Description
Scientists investigating the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere now believe that the drag coefficient, and the coefficients of heat transfer and moisture transfer at the sea surface, all increase with an intensification of the wind, reaching high values during a storm. This belief is based on the results of gradient and eddy correlation measurements in the air layer over the water, as weIl as on data concerning the effect of storms on the structure of the upper layer of the ocean and on the planetary atmospheric boundary layer. However, until recently it was impossible to explain just how the above coefficients depend on the wind velocity and to extrapolate this dependence into the region of hurricane velocities. Only by studying nonturbulent mechanisms of transfer, which play an important role dose to the surface of a stormy sea, and mechanisms of spray mediated transfer in particular, was it possible to proceed to a solution of this problem. This book presents the results of laboratory and field studies of the spray field in the air layer above the surface of a stormy sea. Since there is a dose correlation between the generation of spray and the breaking of wind waves, considerable attention is given to the analysis of data on the sea state during a storm. Su'ch data are of interest when solving a number of diverse theoretical and applied problems.
Author: R.S. Bortkovskii
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401706875
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 206
Get Book Here
Book Description
Scientists investigating the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere now believe that the drag coefficient, and the coefficients of heat transfer and moisture transfer at the sea surface, all increase with an intensification of the wind, reaching high values during a storm. This belief is based on the results of gradient and eddy correlation measurements in the air layer over the water, as weIl as on data concerning the effect of storms on the structure of the upper layer of the ocean and on the planetary atmospheric boundary layer. However, until recently it was impossible to explain just how the above coefficients depend on the wind velocity and to extrapolate this dependence into the region of hurricane velocities. Only by studying nonturbulent mechanisms of transfer, which play an important role dose to the surface of a stormy sea, and mechanisms of spray mediated transfer in particular, was it possible to proceed to a solution of this problem. This book presents the results of laboratory and field studies of the spray field in the air layer above the surface of a stormy sea. Since there is a dose correlation between the generation of spray and the breaking of wind waves, considerable attention is given to the analysis of data on the sea state during a storm. Su'ch data are of interest when solving a number of diverse theoretical and applied problems.
Author: Roman Semenovič Bortkovskij
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 194
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Book Description
Author: R.S. Bortkovskii
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9789401706889
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 194
Get Book Here
Book Description
Scientists investigating the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere now believe that the drag coefficient, and the coefficients of heat transfer and moisture transfer at the sea surface, all increase with an intensification of the wind, reaching high values during a storm. This belief is based on the results of gradient and eddy correlation measurements in the air layer over the water, as weIl as on data concerning the effect of storms on the structure of the upper layer of the ocean and on the planetary atmospheric boundary layer. However, until recently it was impossible to explain just how the above coefficients depend on the wind velocity and to extrapolate this dependence into the region of hurricane velocities. Only by studying nonturbulent mechanisms of transfer, which play an important role dose to the surface of a stormy sea, and mechanisms of spray mediated transfer in particular, was it possible to proceed to a solution of this problem. This book presents the results of laboratory and field studies of the spray field in the air layer above the surface of a stormy sea. Since there is a dose correlation between the generation of spray and the breaking of wind waves, considerable attention is given to the analysis of data on the sea state during a storm. Su'ch data are of interest when solving a number of diverse theoretical and applied problems.
Author: G.L. Geernaert
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401592918
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 573
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Book Description
During the 1980's a wealth of information was reported from field and laboratory experiments in order to validate andlor modify various aspects of the surface layer Monin-Obukhov (M-O) similarity theory for use over the sea, and to introduce and test new concepts related to high resolution flux magnitudes and variabilities. For example, data from various field experiments conducted on the North Sea, Lake Ontario, and the Atlantic experiments, among others, yielded information on the dependence of the flux coefficients on wave state. In all field projects, the usual criteria for satisfying M-O similarity were applied. The assumptions of stationarity and homogeneity was assumed to be relevant over both small and large scales. In addition, the properties of the outer layer were assumed to be "correlated" with properties of the surface layer. These assumptions generally required that data were averaged for spatial footprints representing scales greater than 25 km (or typically 30 minutes or longer for typical windspeeds). While more and more data became available over the years, and the technology applied was more reliable, robust, and durable, the flux coefficients and other turbulent parameters still exhibited significant unexplained scatter. Since the scatter did not show sufficient reduction over the years to meet customer needs, in spite of improved technology and heavy financial investments, one could only conclude that perhaps the use of similarity theory contained too many simplifications when applied to environments which were more complicated than previously thought.
Author: Alexander Babanin
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139502727
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 479
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Book Description
Wave breaking represents one of the most interesting and challenging problems for fluid mechanics and physical oceanography. Over the last fifteen years our understanding has undergone a dramatic leap forward, and wave breaking has emerged as a process whose physics is clarified and quantified. Ocean wave breaking plays the primary role in the air-sea exchange of momentum, mass and heat, and it is of significant importance for ocean remote sensing, coastal and ocean engineering, navigation and other practical applications. This book outlines the state of the art in our understanding of wave breaking and presents the main outstanding problems. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in this topic, including researchers, modellers, forecasters, engineers and graduate students in physical oceanography, meteorology and ocean engineering.
Author: B.R. Kerman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780792320715
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 772
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Book Description
Proceedings of the Conference on `Natural Physical Sources of Underwater Sound', Cambridge, U.K., July 3-6, 1990
Author: Rajmund Przybylak
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0306482223
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 338
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Book Description
It has been known at least since the end of the century that the polar areas play a very important role in the formation of the Earth’s climates. It is also known today that they are the most sensitive regions to climatic change, and are thus perfect case studies for the detection of such changes. The most serious obstacle to the study of climatic and other geographical elements of the polar areas (including the Arctic) has always been the severe climatic conditions which prevail in these regions. Because of these extreme con- tions, research into particular elements of the climatic system (including the atmosphere) began here much later than it did in lower latitudes. For instance, the whole area of the Arctic was not sufficiently covered with a network of meteorological stations until the late 1940s (and even then there were large areas of the central Arctic and the Greenland interior for which no data were available). This is probably why it was not until the start of the 1990s that a body of work began to appear which analysed in any depth climatic variability for the Arctic as a whole. While a considerable number of papers had been p- lished before this period, most of them were local studies presenting highly localised information, providing air temperature measurements but often little else.
Author: Stanislaw R. Massel
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387690921
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 332
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Book Description
This book fills a gap in knowledge of breaking waves and their influence on the generation of marine fluxes from ocean surfaces. Based on published data as well as on the author's experience, the text explores in detail the relationship chain of breaking waves, whitecaps coverage, rate of wave energy dissipation, amount of aerosol fluxes rising from a given sea basin, and possible seasonal variations.
Author: Stephen Schwartz
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9781560322634
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 616
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Book Description
This three-volume set contains selected papers arising from a conference held in 1991 on precipitation and air pollution. The first volume addresses the precipitation scavenging process; the second deals with atmosphere-surface exchange processes; and the third covers air pollution and deposition.
Author: Penny Vlahos
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030363716
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 289
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Book Description
This book provides the reader with the a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the study of whitecaps. It is the first major publication focusing specifically on whitecaps and their role in a variety of climate-relevant air-sea interaction processes since the publication, in 1986, of Oceanic Whitecaps, and Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes, edited by Edward Charles Monahan and Gearoid Mac Niocaill (published by Springer). This book also provides the interested reader with a review of the initial work done on this topic in the second half of the 20th Century.
