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Author: Ms.Nancy L. Wagner
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
International comparison of economic aggregates, expressed in domestic currencies, requires their conversion into a common numeraire currency such as the U.S. dollar or the SDR. Since market (or official) exchange rates are subject to fluctuations which may result in comparisons that do not reflect cross-country differences in real economic activity, it is often recommended that purchasing power parity (PPP) rates be used for conversion instead of exchange rates. It is generally agreed that PPP rates are conceptually appropriate conversion factors. However, their practical implementation raises questions regarding the quality of the PPP indices which are currently available. This paper reviews the data and methodology underlying the construction of PPP indices, with particular emphasis on the PPP-based estimates of GDP used in the Fund’s World Economic Outlook and the World Bank’s World Development Report, and examines some of the issues associated with the use of such PPP-based estimates of GDP for the Fund’s operational purposes (such as quota calculations or determination of SAF or ESAF eligibility).
Author: Ms.Nancy L. Wagner
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
International comparison of economic aggregates, expressed in domestic currencies, requires their conversion into a common numeraire currency such as the U.S. dollar or the SDR. Since market (or official) exchange rates are subject to fluctuations which may result in comparisons that do not reflect cross-country differences in real economic activity, it is often recommended that purchasing power parity (PPP) rates be used for conversion instead of exchange rates. It is generally agreed that PPP rates are conceptually appropriate conversion factors. However, their practical implementation raises questions regarding the quality of the PPP indices which are currently available. This paper reviews the data and methodology underlying the construction of PPP indices, with particular emphasis on the PPP-based estimates of GDP used in the Fund’s World Economic Outlook and the World Bank’s World Development Report, and examines some of the issues associated with the use of such PPP-based estimates of GDP for the Fund’s operational purposes (such as quota calculations or determination of SAF or ESAF eligibility).
Author: Nancy Wagner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
International comparison of economic aggregates, expressed in domestic currencies, requires their conversion into a common numeraire currency such as the U.S. dollar or the SDR. Since market (or official) exchange rates are subject to fluctuations which may result in comparisons that do not reflect cross-country differences in real economic activity, it is often recommended that purchasing power parity (PPP) rates be used for conversion instead of exchange rates. It is generally agreed that PPP rates are conceptually appropriate conversion factors. However, their practical implementation raises questions regarding the quality of the PPP indices which are currently available. This paper reviews the data and methodology underlying the construction of PPP indices, with particular emphasis on the PPP-based estimates of GDP used in the Fund's World Economic Outlook and the World Bank's World Development Report, and examines some of the issues associated with the use of such PPP-based estimates of GDP for the Fund's operational purposes (such as quota calculations or determination of SAF or ESAF eligibility).
Author: International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1451974167
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
This paper analyzes contagion and volatility with imperfect credit markets. The paper interprets contagion effects as an increase in the volatility of shocks impinging on the economy. The implications of this approach are analyzed in a model in which domestic banks borrow at a premium on world capital markets, and domestic producers borrow at a premium from domestic banks. Financial spreads depend on a markup that compensates lenders, in particular, for the expected cost of contract enforcement. Higher volatility increases financial spreads and the producers’ cost of capital.
Author: World Bank
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821397311
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 697
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Book Description
This volume provides a comprehensive review of the statistical theory and methods underlying the estimation of purchasing power parities (PPPs) and real expenditures, the choices made for the 2005 International Comparison Program (ICP) round, and the lessons learned that led to improvements in the 2011 ICP.
Author: International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1451947208
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
This paper develops an endogenous growth model of the influence of public investment, public transfers, and distortionary taxation on the rate of economic growth. The growth–enhancing effects of investment in public capital and transfer payments are modeled, as is the growth–inhibiting influence of the levying of distortionary taxes that are used to fund such expenditure. The theoretical implications of the model are then tested with data from 23 developed countries between 1971 and 1988, and time series cross sectional results are obtained that support the proposed influence of the public finance variables on economic growth.
Author:
Publisher: Human Development Report
ISBN: 0195100220
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 177
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Book Description
Author: Ms.Kornelia Krajnyak
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1451923554
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Book Description
This paper estimates equilibrium dollar wages for 15 transition economies. Equilibrium dollar wages are interpreted as full employment wages consistent with a country’s physical and human capital endowment, and estimated by regressing actual dollar wages on productivity and human capital proxies in a short (1990-95) panel of 85 countries. The main results are: (i) equilibrium dollar wages have appreciated steadily in the Baltic countries and fast-reforming Central and Eastern European (CEE) transition economies, but have been flat in most CIS countries; and (ii) 1996 actual dollar wages remain below estimated equilibrium dollar wages for most but not all transition countries covered.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Finance
Languages : en
Pages : 542
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Book Description
Author: United Nations Development Programme
Publisher: Human Development Report
ISBN: 0195111583
Category : Developing countries
Languages : en
Pages : 157
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Book Description
The Human Development Report, now in its seventh edition, updates the unique Human Development Indicators comparing human development in most countries of the world, and the data tables on all aspects of human development. The special focus of this edition is on the important link between economic growth and human development. The Report maintains that the link is not automatic but can be established through proper policy management, arguing the case for initiating and accelerating economic growth and at the same time accelerating and sustaining human development in different parts of the world. The Report also maintains that the quality of growth is as important as its quantity; otherwise, growth can be jobless, voiceless, ruthless, rootless, and futureless. It identifies employment as an important instrument in translating the benefits of economic growth into people's lives.An indispensable resource for courses in international development, the Report ranks 174 countries according to the Human Development Index (HDI). It also gives the global ranking of more than 100 countries in terms of Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). The first index represents HDI, taking into account gender inequality in capabilities, and the second represents female opportunities in selected economic and political areas. New to this edition is the Capability Poverty Measure (CPM), which is used as an alternative to the traditional income poverty measure. The Report concludes that the future challenge is how to forge and sustain the desired kind of linkage between economic growth and human development in a globalized world which represents both opportunities and threats for the nations of the world.
Author: Ariel Buira
Publisher: Anthem Press
ISBN: 0857288180
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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Book Description
The papers included in this book cover different aspects of the governance of the Bretton Woods institutions. They explore different options for reform and show that enhancing the participation of developing and emerging market countries in resolving the major monetary and financial problems confronting the world economy, would improve global economic performance and contribute to the elimination of world poverty.
