Linear Energy Transfer Spectra and Dose Equivalents of Galactic Radiation Exposure in Space PDF Download
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Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Extraterrestrial radiation
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
In assessing the astronaut's exposure from galactic cosmic rays on space missions of long duration conversion of absorbed doses to dose equivalents is required. Since a large part of the dose contribution from heavy primaries is produced at Linear Energy Transfer (LET) values beyond the range for which radiobiological data are available, it seems preferable to analyze the LET distributions themselves and to compare them to standard x-rays rather than to assume arbitrary values for the Relative Biological Effectiveness(RBE). The local LET distributions in tissue are found to be extremely skewed, with a large maximum at the relativistic minimum LET. Lined up on the LET scale, they cover the very wide interval from 0.18 to 2790 kev/micron T as compared to an interval from 0.4 to 35 kev/micron T for standard x-rays. Applying the RBE formula of the RBE Committee of the ICRP and a saturation value of 10 leads to a grand mean RBE of 1.82 for the total absorbed dose of 13 millirads/24 hours from primaries. (Author).
Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Extraterrestrial radiation
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
In assessing the astronaut's exposure from galactic cosmic rays on space missions of long duration conversion of absorbed doses to dose equivalents is required. Since a large part of the dose contribution from heavy primaries is produced at Linear Energy Transfer (LET) values beyond the range for which radiobiological data are available, it seems preferable to analyze the LET distributions themselves and to compare them to standard x-rays rather than to assume arbitrary values for the Relative Biological Effectiveness(RBE). The local LET distributions in tissue are found to be extremely skewed, with a large maximum at the relativistic minimum LET. Lined up on the LET scale, they cover the very wide interval from 0.18 to 2790 kev/micron T as compared to an interval from 0.4 to 35 kev/micron T for standard x-rays. Applying the RBE formula of the RBE Committee of the ICRP and a saturation value of 10 leads to a grand mean RBE of 1.82 for the total absorbed dose of 13 millirads/24 hours from primaries. (Author).
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030949771X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 143
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Book Description
Exposures at low doses of radiation, generally taken to mean doses below 100 millisieverts, are of primary interest for setting standards for protecting individuals against the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. However, there are considerable uncertainties associated with current best estimates of risks and gaps in knowledge on critical scientific issues that relate to low dose radiation. The Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board of the National Academies hosted the symposium on The Future of Low Dose Radiation Research in the United States on May 8 and 9, 2019. The goal of the symposium was to provide an open forum for a national discussion on the need for a long-term strategy to guide a low dose radiation research program in the United States. The symposium featured presentations on low dose radiation programs around the world, panel discussions with representatives from governmental and nongovernmental organizations about the need for a low dose radiation research program, reviews of low dose radiation research in epidemiology and radiation biology including new directions, and lessons to be learned from setting up large research programs in non-radiation research fields. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the symposium.
Author: Sheila J. Ogden
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323393667
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 627
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Book Description
Known for its textbook/workbook format, Calculation of Drug Dosages, 10th Edition makes it easy to master the ratio and proportion, formula, and dimensional analysis methods for drug calculation. A basic review of mathematics refreshes your math skills, and plenty of practice problems help you overcome any inexperience or weaknesses you may have. Written by nursing experts Sheila Ogden and Linda Fluharty, this resource helps you calculate drug dosages accurately and with confidence. An extensive math review covers the basic math skills essential for accurate calculation of drug dosages and helps you identify your strengths and weaknesses. Over 1,800 practice problems reinforce your understanding of drug calculations. A logical structure is organized from simple to complex, making it easier to absorb and retain knowledge. Learning objectives keep you focused and explain what you should accomplish upon completion of each chapter. An Alert box highlights information crucial to math calculation and patient safety. Chapter worksheets allow you to practice solving realistic problems. Post-tests at the end of each chapter let you assess your understanding of content. A comprehensive post-test at the end of the book offers additional practice and accurately gauges your overall understanding. Over 600 practice problems on the Evolve companion website cover ratio-proportion, formula, and dimensional analysis methods. 25 flash cards on Evolve contain abbreviations, formulas, and conversions from the book, allowing you to study at your own pace. UPDATED drug labels and equipment photos show the latest drugs and technology used in the market. NEW! Additional Intake and Output problems are included, and the apothecary method is minimized and moved to the appendix. NEW! Easy-access answer key is placed at the end of each chapter rather than in the back of the book.
Author: Oddvar F. Nygaard
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 1483281833
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 349
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Book Description
Advances in Radiation Biology, Volume 6: Effects of Low Dose and Low Dose Rate Radiation examines the biological effects of low dose and low dose rate ionizing radiation on a broad scale, covering various articles from microdosimetry to analyses of human responses. Estimates of the effects on humans from low doses or from sustained exposures to low dose rates of ionizing radiations are of critical importance for the assessment of radiation risks under occupational and environmental conditions. This book consists of such knowledge that is essential for radiation protection and governmental regulatory activities pertaining to radiation exposure. This volume is intended for radiobiologists, radiation epidemiologists, radiation physicists, radiation safety personnel, health officials, and individuals involved in regulatory activities.
Author: Elena Burlakova
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9067644145
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 443
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Book Description
The papers collected in this book show the results of investigations performed by Russian scientists in the field of low dose irradiation action. It is confirmed that low doses do have effects on the human organism and the environment and that the most serious consequences are observed in the far post-irradiation period. This branch of radiobiology, which developed after the Chernobyl accident and studied its consequences, is discussed in detail. The main part of reviews and articles is devoted to the aspects of low dose effects on the human and animal genome and far post-irradiation consequences. New details of mechanisms of low dose action are shown and methods of their determination are discussed. Furthermore, the adaptive response of organisms and the low dose effects on the immune system are demonstrated. Also, the difference between protection mechanisms against low dose irradiation and against high dose irradiation is shown and proved.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear energy
Languages : en
Pages : 1256
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Book Description
Author: John O'Quigley
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351648020
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 410
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Book Description
Handbook of Methods for Designing, Monitoring, and Analyzing Dose-Finding Trials gives a thorough presentation of state-of-the-art methods for early phase clinical trials. The methodology of clinical trials has advanced greatly over the last 20 years and, arguably, nowhere greater than that of early phase studies. The need to accelerate drug development in a rapidly evolving context of targeted therapies, immunotherapy, combination treatments and complex group structures has provided the stimulus to these advances. Typically, we deal with very small samples, sequential methods that need to be efficient, while, at the same time adhering to ethical principles due to the involvement of human subjects. Statistical inference is difficult since the standard techniques of maximum likelihood do not usually apply as a result of model misspecification and parameter estimates lying on the boundary of the parameter space. Bayesian methods play an important part in overcoming these difficulties, but nonetheless, require special consideration in this particular context. The purpose of this handbook is to provide an expanded summary of the field as it stands and also, through discussion, provide insights into the thinking of leaders in the field as to the potential developments of the years ahead. With this goal in mind we present: An introduction to the field for graduate students and novices A basis for more established researchers from which to build A collection of material for an advanced course in early phase clinical trials A comprehensive guide to available methodology for practicing statisticians on the design and analysis of dose-finding experiments An extensive guide for the multiple comparison and modeling (MCP-Mod) dose-finding approach, adaptive two-stage designs for dose finding, as well as dose–time–response models and multiple testing in the context of confirmatory dose-finding studies. John O’Quigley is a professor of mathematics and research director at the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research based at the Faculty of Mathematics, University Pierre and Marie Curie in Paris, France. He is author of Proportional Hazards Regression and has published extensively in the field of dose finding. Alexia Iasonos is an associate attending biostatistician at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York. She has over one hundred publications in the leading statistical and clinical journals on the methodology and design of early phase clinical trials. Dr. Iasonos has wide experience in the actual implementation of model based early phase trials and has given courses in scientific meetings internationally. Björn Bornkamp is a statistical methodologist at Novartis in Basel, Switzerland, researching and implementing dose-finding designs in Phase II clinical trials. He is one of the co-developers of the MCP-Mod methodology for dose finding and main author of the DoseFinding R package. He has published numerous papers on dose finding, nonlinear models and Bayesian statistics, and in 2013 won the Royal Statistical Society award for statistical excellence in the pharmaceutical industry.
Author: Royal Society of Edinburgh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 934
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 1028
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Book Description
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Author: J.G. Emming
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401035261
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 310
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Book Description
The subject of this volume in the Astrophysics and Space Science Library is Electro magnetic Radiation in Space. It is essentially based on the lectures given at the third ESRO Summer School which was held from 19 July to 13 August, 1965, in Alpbach, Austria. Fifty-eight selected students attended the courses representing the following countries: Austria (2), Belgium (1), Denmark (1), France (12), Germany (10), Italy (7), Netherlands (2), Spain (4), Sweden (6), Switzerland (3), United Kingdom (9), United States (1). Thirteen lectures courses and nine seminars were given by sixteen different scientists in total. In this book the courses and seminars have been classified in three parts according to the kind of radiation which they mainly deal with: Ultraviolet Radiation, X Radiation and Cosmic Radiation. These parts can be broken down further in theo retical and observational aspects, whereas in the first and second part solar as well as stellar ultraviolet- and X-radiation can be distinguished. * Due to various reasons the publication of this volume had to be delayed; it was therefore judged appropriate to bring the text up to date. The various lecturers have been asked to revise the manuscripts and to eventually add new information which has been acquired in this rapidly evolving field of space astrophysics. Most authors have responded positively to this request, some even have completely rewritten the manuscript.
