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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 3
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Book Description
A global data base of black carbon emissions to the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion has been compiled for the use in atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. The resolution provided is at 1° latitude by 1° longitude based on previous work by Matthews, Lemer et al., and Dignon. A more extensive description of the assumptions made and emission factors used in this data base can be found in Penner et al. The original work of Penner et al. provides the emissions inventory data on a 5° by 5° resolution. The units of emission for this updated version of the inventory yield a global total of 12.6 TgC/y and are given as the mass in metric tons of carbon for each 1° x 1° grid. It is important to note that this is not equivalent to a flux, in that the area of the grid boxes vary latitudinally. The emissions are expected to represent the emissions for a typical mid-1980s year. The distribution of emission is based on national totals and then mapped on to the 1° x 1° grid according to the updated population mapping of Logan. A description of this mapping procedure can be found in Dignon.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 3
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Book Description
A global data base of black carbon emissions to the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion has been compiled for the use in atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. The resolution provided is at 1° latitude by 1° longitude based on previous work by Matthews, Lemer et al., and Dignon. A more extensive description of the assumptions made and emission factors used in this data base can be found in Penner et al. The original work of Penner et al. provides the emissions inventory data on a 5° by 5° resolution. The units of emission for this updated version of the inventory yield a global total of 12.6 TgC/y and are given as the mass in metric tons of carbon for each 1° x 1° grid. It is important to note that this is not equivalent to a flux, in that the area of the grid boxes vary latitudinally. The emissions are expected to represent the emissions for a typical mid-1980s year. The distribution of emission is based on national totals and then mapped on to the 1° x 1° grid according to the updated population mapping of Logan. A description of this mapping procedure can be found in Dignon.
Author: Rong Wang
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3662464799
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Book Description
This thesis presents research focusing on the improvement of high-resolution global black carbon (BC) emission inventory and application in assessing the population exposure to ambient BC. A particular focus of the thesis is on the construction of a high-resolution (both spatial and sectorial) fuel consumption database, which is used to develop the emission inventory of black carbon. Above all, the author updates the global emission inventory of black carbon, a resource subsequently used to study the atmospheric transport of black carbon over Asia with the help of a high-resolution nested model. The thesis demonstrates that spatial bias in fuel consumption and BC emissions can be reduced by means of the sub-national disaggregation approach. Using the inventory and nested model, ambient BC concentrations can be better validated against observations. Lastly, it provides a complete uncertainty analysis of global black carbon emissions, and this uncertainty is taken into account in the atmospheric modeling, helping to better understand the role of black carbon in regional and global air pollution.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Development of reliable source emission inventories is needed to advance the understanding of the origin of Arctic haze using chemical transport modeling. This paper develops a regional anthropogenic black carbon (BC) emission inventory for the Russian Federation, the largest country by land area in the Arctic Council. Activity data from combination of local Russia information and international resources, emission factors based on either Russian documents or adjusted values for local conditions, and other emission source data are used to approximate the BC emissions. Emissions are gridded at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° and developed into a monthly temporal profile. Total anthropogenic BC emission of Russia in 2010 is estimated to be around 224 Gg. Gas flaring, a commonly ignored black carbon source, contributes a significant fraction of 36.2% to Russia's total anthropogenic BC emissions. Other sectors, i.e., residential, transportation, industry, and power plants, contribute 25.0%, 20.3%, 13.1%, and 5.4%, respectively. Three major BC hot spot regions are identified: the European part of Russia, the southern central part of Russia where human population densities are relatively high, and the Urals Federal District where Russia's major oil and gas fields are located but with sparse human population. BC simulations are conducted using the hemispheric version of Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model with emission inputs from a global emission database EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research)-HTAPv2 (Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution) and EDGAR-HTAPv2 with its Russian part replaced by the newly developed Russian BC emissions, respectively. The simulation using the new Russian BC emission inventory could improve 30-65% of absorption aerosol optical depth measured at the AERONET sites in Russia throughout the whole year as compared to that using the default HTAPv2 emissions. At the four ground monitoring sites (Zeppelin, Barrow, Alert, and Tiksi) in the Arctic Circle, surface BC simulations are improved the most during the Arctic haze periods (October-March). The poor performance of Arctic BC simulations in previous studies may be partly ascribed to the Russian BC emissions built on out-of-date and/or missing information, which could result in biases to both emission rates and the spatial distribution of emissions. Finally, this study highlights that the impact of Russian emissions on the Arctic haze has likely been underestimated, and its role in the Arctic climate system needs to be reassessed. The Russian black carbon emission source data generated in this study can be obtained via http://abci.ornl.gov/download.shtml or http://acs.engr.utk.edu/Data.php.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 130
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 6
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Global data bases of trace gas emissions to the atmosphere have been compiled for the use in atmospheric chemistry studies. The resolution provided is a 1° latitude by 1° longitude. A series of 3 data bases has been provided. The first is an inventory of emissions of NO(subscript x) from fossil fuel combustion, while the second is an inventory of SO2 emissions from the same anthropogenic source. The third database includes a global inventory of the emissions of NO(subscript x) from terrestrial biomass burning and is given seasonally for the globe. The units of emission for the inventories are given as the mass in metric tons of N for the NO(subscript x) inventories and metric tons of S for the SO2 inventory for each 1° x 1° grid. The emissions are expected to represent the emissions for the year 1980. The biomass burning source is given for 2 seasons where XXXXjul represents an ascii file containing the cumulated emissions for the months from April to September, and XXXXjan represents October to March. The grid for these data bases, (i, j) arrays, is (360,180), which represents 1 degree (lon, lat) resolution. The Table shows a description of each data base and provides FORTRAN code, documentation, and data format for reading each array. Complete description of the emission inventory data bases can be obtained in the references listed. 5 refs., 1 fig. 1 tab.
Author: Halima Salah
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air quality
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Air pollution from human activities plays an important role in affecting ambient air quality, climate change and human health. To provide changes in global environmental policies to reduce air pollution, emission inventories are critical as they aide in the understanding of air quality impacts across multiple scales. The state-of-the-science global bottom-up anthropogenic emission inventories are the Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants version 6b (ECLIPSEv6b) for emissions from 1990-2050, Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 5.0 (EDGARv5) for emissions from 1970-2015, and the Community Emissions Data System that was released in April 2021 (CEDS) for emissions from 1750-2019. In this study, we inter-compared the global annual total and spatial variability of air pollutants among these three emission inventories (ECLIPSEv6b, CEDS, and EDGARv5) for the year 2015 for trace gases and aerosols, including black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). We also employed the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry version 6.0 (CAM6-Chem) within the NCAR Community Earth System Model version 2.1.3 (CESM2) to quantify the atmospheric chemistry and air quality impacts using the ECLIPSEv6b. Global annual total emissions of BC, OC, NOx, NH3, SO2, CO and NMVOCs from CEDS for the year 2015 are 6045, 13869, 122022, 59502, 92148, 566620, 149680 kilo tons/year, respectively. Compared with the emissions from EDGARv5, global annual total BC, OC and NH3 emissions in CEDS for the year 2015 are 18.43%, 18.18%, and 21.13% higher. However, global annual total CO emissions from EDGARv5 are 12.46% higher than that from CEDS. For NOx, SO2, and NMVOCs, values from CEDS and EDGARv5 are quite close, with 3.72%, 5.21%, and 0.56% differences between CEDS and EDGARv5. For ECLIPSEv6b, global annual total emissions of BC, OC, NOx, NH3, SO2, CO and NMVOCs in 2015 are 6352, 13763, 124895, 60986, 73335, 548381, 112031 kt/year, respectively. Global annual total of BC, NOx, and NH3 from ECLIPSEv6b are 5.07%, 2.30% and 2.49% higher than the values from CEDS, whereas global annual total of OC, SO2, CO and NMVOCs are 0.77%, 20.42%, 3.22% and 25.15% smaller than that from CEDS. Major sources of CEDS emissions come from eastern Asia and parts of India. A majority of NOx emissions for ECLIPSEv6b is concentrated in Asia, North America (East Coast US, Midwest US, and Mexico), South America (Brazil), and western Europe. We find that global mean summertime model simulated surface BC, primary organic matter (POM) and ozone concentrations in response to ECLIPSEv6b are 0.05 1̐Ưg/m3, 0.52 1̐Ưg/m3 and 21.3 ppb, respectively. For summertime surface BC, large impacts are found in Asia, North America, eastern Europe and southern Africa, whereas important impacts for POM are located over Asia, southern Africa, and western coast of North America. Future studies will thoroughly compare the model simulated PM2.5 and ozone impacts from ECLIPSEv6b, CEDS and EDGARv5 in CESM2 CAM6-Chem.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309145880
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 526
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Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for-and in many cases is already affecting-a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change. Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs.
Author: Jason Blake Cohen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5713
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Black carbon (BC) is an important aerosol constituent in the atmosphere and climate forcer. A good understanding of the radiative forcing of BC and associated climate feedback and response is critical to minimize the uncertainty in predicting current and future climate influenced by anthropogenic aerosols. One reason for this uncertainty is that current emission inventories of BC are mostly obtained from the so-called bottom-up approach, an approach that derives emissions based on categorized emitting sources and emission factors used to convert burning mass to emissions. In this work, we provide a first global-scale top-down estimation of global BC emissions, as well as an estimated error range, by using a Kalman Filter. This method uses data of both column aerosol absorption optical depth and surface concentrations from global and regional networks to constrain our fully coupled climate-aerosol-urban model and thus to derive an optimized estimate of BC emissions as 17.8±5.6 Tg/yr, a factor of more than 2 higher than commonly used global BC emissions data sets. We further perform 22 additional optimization simulations that incorporate the known uncertain ranges of various important physical, model, and measurement parameters and still yield an optimized value within the above given range, from a low of 14.6 Tg/yr to a high of 22.2 Tg/yr. Furthermore, we show that the emissions difference between our optimized and a priori estimation is not uniform, with East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe underestimated, while North America is overestimated in the a priori inventory.
Author: Johannes Gerardus Jozef Olivier
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789058510778
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 142
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 702
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