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Author: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN: 9781483935294
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 582
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Book Description
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define a healthcare-associated infection (HAI) as: “[A] localized or systemic condition resulting from an adverse reaction to the presence of an infectious agent(s) or its toxin(s). There must be no evidence that the infection was present or incubating at the time of admission to the acute care setting.” The CDC estimates that in 2002 there were 1.7 million HAI and 99,000 HAI-associated deaths in hospitals. The four largest categories of HAI, responsible for more than 80 percent of all reported HAI, are central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI, 14%), ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP, 15%), surgical site infections (SSI, 22%), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI, 32%). In a CDC report, national costs of HAI were estimated, based on 2002 infection rates and adjusted to 2007 dollars using the Consumer Price Index for inpatient hospital services. Estimates of the total annual direct medical costs of HAI for U.S. hospitals ranged from $35.7 billion to $45 billion. The prevention and reduction of HAI is a top priority for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A call to action for the elimination of HAI has been issued jointly by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc., the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the CDC. In a consensus statement issued by these groups, a plan for the elimination of HAI includes the promotion of adherence to evidence-based practices through partnering, educating, implementing, and investing. In 2003, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a report, Priority Areas for National Action: Transforming Health Care Quality. The report identified 20 clinical topics for which there are quality concerns because of the gap between knowledge of the topic and integration of that knowledge into the clinical setting. In response to the IOM report, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) initiated a series of technical reviews on quality improvement strategies focused on improving the quality of care for the IOM's 20 priority areas. This systematic review updates the AHRQ Evidence Report Closing the Quality Gap: A Critical Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies: Volume 6—Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections. From here on, this report is referred to as the 2007 report. The objective of that evidence review was to identify QI strategies that successfully increase adherence to effective preventive interventions and reduce infection rates for CLABSI, VAP, SSI, and CAUTI. The current review expands the settings to be considered from primarily hospitals to include ambulatory surgery centers, freestanding dialysis centers, and long-term care facilities, where the prevention of HAI needs to be addressed as well. Where applicable, the current report also applies the recommendation of a report prepared for AHRQ by RAND Health in which the impact of context on the effectiveness of patient safety practices is assessed. The context of an intervention can have an important impact on whether preventive interventions are adopted. Key Questions for this report follow. Key Question 1. Which quality improvement strategies are effective in reducing the following healthcare-associated infections - Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), Surgical site infections (SSI), Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)? Key Question 2. What is the impact of the health care context on the effectiveness of quality improvement strategies, including reducing infections and increasing adherence to preventive interventions?
Author: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN: 9781483935294
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 582
Get Book Here
Book Description
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define a healthcare-associated infection (HAI) as: “[A] localized or systemic condition resulting from an adverse reaction to the presence of an infectious agent(s) or its toxin(s). There must be no evidence that the infection was present or incubating at the time of admission to the acute care setting.” The CDC estimates that in 2002 there were 1.7 million HAI and 99,000 HAI-associated deaths in hospitals. The four largest categories of HAI, responsible for more than 80 percent of all reported HAI, are central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI, 14%), ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP, 15%), surgical site infections (SSI, 22%), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI, 32%). In a CDC report, national costs of HAI were estimated, based on 2002 infection rates and adjusted to 2007 dollars using the Consumer Price Index for inpatient hospital services. Estimates of the total annual direct medical costs of HAI for U.S. hospitals ranged from $35.7 billion to $45 billion. The prevention and reduction of HAI is a top priority for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A call to action for the elimination of HAI has been issued jointly by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc., the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the CDC. In a consensus statement issued by these groups, a plan for the elimination of HAI includes the promotion of adherence to evidence-based practices through partnering, educating, implementing, and investing. In 2003, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a report, Priority Areas for National Action: Transforming Health Care Quality. The report identified 20 clinical topics for which there are quality concerns because of the gap between knowledge of the topic and integration of that knowledge into the clinical setting. In response to the IOM report, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) initiated a series of technical reviews on quality improvement strategies focused on improving the quality of care for the IOM's 20 priority areas. This systematic review updates the AHRQ Evidence Report Closing the Quality Gap: A Critical Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies: Volume 6—Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections. From here on, this report is referred to as the 2007 report. The objective of that evidence review was to identify QI strategies that successfully increase adherence to effective preventive interventions and reduce infection rates for CLABSI, VAP, SSI, and CAUTI. The current review expands the settings to be considered from primarily hospitals to include ambulatory surgery centers, freestanding dialysis centers, and long-term care facilities, where the prevention of HAI needs to be addressed as well. Where applicable, the current report also applies the recommendation of a report prepared for AHRQ by RAND Health in which the impact of context on the effectiveness of patient safety practices is assessed. The context of an intervention can have an important impact on whether preventive interventions are adopted. Key Questions for this report follow. Key Question 1. Which quality improvement strategies are effective in reducing the following healthcare-associated infections - Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), Surgical site infections (SSI), Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)? Key Question 2. What is the impact of the health care context on the effectiveness of quality improvement strategies, including reducing infections and increasing adherence to preventive interventions?
Author: Kaveh G. Shojania
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781587632594
Category : Disaster hospitals
Languages : en
Pages : 7
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Book Description
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789241549929
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Book Description
Health care-associated infections (HAI) are one of the most common adverse events in care delivery and a major public health problem with an impact on morbidity, mortality and quality of life. At any one time, up to 7% of patients in developed and 10% in developing countries will acquire at least one HAI. These infections also present a significant economic burden at the societal level. However, a large percentage are preventable through effective infection prevention and control (IPC) measures. These new guidelines on the core components of IPC programmes at the national and facility level will enhance the capacity of Member States to develop and implement effective technical and behaviour modifying interventions. They form a key part of WHO strategies to prevent current and future threats from infectious diseases such as Ebola, strengthen health service resilience, help combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and improve the overall quality of health care delivery. They are also intended to support countries in the development of their own national protocols for IPC and AMR action plans and to support health care facilities as they develop or strengthen their own approaches to IPC. These are the first international evidence-based guidelines on the core components of IPC programmes. These new WHO guidelines are applicable for any country and suitable to local adaptations, and take account of the strength of available scientific evidence, the cost and resource implications, and patient values and preferences.
Author: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN: 9781490382401
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 172
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Book Description
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are considered to be the greatest risk patients face in the hospital environment. HAIs can occur in any patient care setting, but infections in hospitalized patients account for the vast majority of HAIs. Hospitalized patients are additionally susceptible to experiencing serious consequences of HAIs due to comorbid illnesses. According to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to two million patients (nearly one in 20 hospitalized patients) experience a healthcare-associated infection every year in the U.S., leading to approximately 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in extra costs per year. Moreover, the incidence of HAIs appears to have increased over the last three decades, despite the fact that the majority of HAIs are thought to be preventable. Efforts to monitor and prevent HAIs have existed for decades. These efforts have followed the public health methodology of surveillance and prevention. The effectiveness of such methods was provided by the Study of the Effectiveness of Nosocomial Infection Control study, which demonstrated that hospitals with structured infection control programs achieved sustained reductions in HAI rates, whereas hospitals with less comprehensive programs saw increased infection rates. The growing focus on improving patient safety over the past few years has catalyzed even greater efforts to curb HAIs. Public reporting of infection rates has been proposed as a means of educating patients and encouraging preventive efforts; currently, six states require reporting of HAIs, and legislation requiring some type of reporting has been proposed in the majority of states. Within the hospital, surgical site infections (SSI) and three types of infections common in intensive care unit patients are particularly prevalent—central-line associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Together, these infections account for more than 80 percent of all HAIs. In this report, we systematically review the evidence supporting quality improvement strategies to reduce the incidence of these key healthcare-associated infections. We intend to identify strategies that successfully increase adherence to effective preventive practices for each of these infections and reduce infection rates. Our specific research questions are: 1. Do quality improvement strategies increase adherence to evidence-based preventive interventions for healthcare-associated infections? 2. What are the critical components of effective QI strategies? 3. What are the limitations of current research in this field, and what areas require further study? We defined a “preventive intervention” as a specific infection control practice that has been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of a HAI. To identify target preventive interventions, we reviewed the CDC guidelines for prevention of surgical site infection, prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections, prevention of healthcare-associated pneumonia, and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Hand hygiene was identified as an important preventive intervention for all HAIs. The disease-specific target preventive interventions we identified are as follows: Surgical site infection: appropriate perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (including appropriate antibiotic selection, timing, and duration), perioperative glucose control, and decreasing shaving of the operative site; Central line-associated bloodstream infection: adherence to maximal sterile barrier precautions, use of chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis, and avoidance of femoral catheterization; Ventilator-associated pneumonia: semirecumbent patient positioning and daily assessment of readiness for ventilator weaning; Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: reduction in unnecessary catheter use and adherence to aseptic catheter insertion and catheter care.
Author: Ronda Hughes
Publisher: Department of Health and Human Services
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 592
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Book Description
"Nurses play a vital role in improving the safety and quality of patient car -- not only in the hospital or ambulatory treatment facility, but also of community-based care and the care performed by family members. Nurses need know what proven techniques and interventions they can use to enhance patient outcomes. To address this need, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), with additional funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, has prepared this comprehensive, 1,400-page, handbook for nurses on patient safety and quality -- Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. (AHRQ Publication No. 08-0043)." - online AHRQ blurb, http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nurseshdbk/
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9789241597906
Category : House & Home
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care provide health-care workers (HCWs), hospital administrators and health authorities with a thorough review of evidence on hand hygiene in health care and specific recommendations to improve practices and reduce transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to patients and HCWs. The present Guidelines are intended to be implemented in any situation in which health care is delivered either to a patient or to a specific group in a population. Therefore, this concept applies to all settings where health care is permanently or occasionally performed, such as home care by birth attendants. Definitions of health-care settings are proposed in Appendix 1. These Guidelines and the associated WHO Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy and an Implementation Toolkit (http://www.who.int/gpsc/en/) are designed to offer health-care facilities in Member States a conceptual framework and practical tools for the application of recommendations in practice at the bedside. While ensuring consistency with the Guidelines recommendations, individual adaptation according to local regulations, settings, needs, and resources is desirable. This extensive review includes in one document sufficient technical information to support training materials and help plan implementation strategies. The document comprises six parts.
Author: Ramon Z. Shaban
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0729588343
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 125
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Book Description
Endorsed by the Australasian College for Infection Prevention and Control (ACIPC) ACIPC is the peak body for infection prevention and control professionals in the Australasian region. Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) are a major threat to patient safety and the quality of healthcare globally. Despite this, Australia does not have a nationally coordinated program for the surveillance and reporting of HAIs. Epidemiology of Healthcare-associated Infections in Australia is Australia’s first peer-reviewed, evidence-based assessment of the epidemiology of HAIs using publicly available data from hospital-acquired complications (HACs), state-based surveillance systems and peer-reviewed and grey literature sources. This important work has been compiled by some of Australia’s leading infection control professionals and researchers. It will build national consensus on definitions, surveillance methodology and reporting of the incidence of HAIs. In doing so, it provides hospitals and those working in infection prevention and control an opportunity to benchmark and evaluate interventions to reduce infections and ensure transparency on reporting methods that will strengthen Australia’s efforts to prevent and control HAIs. Here is a great article published in Sydney Morning Herald on the publication of Epidemiology of Healthcare-associated infections in Australia. Collated publicly available HAI surveillance definitions from jurisdictions across Australia Collated publicly available national HACs HAI data derived from the associated surveillance programs Identification of the gaps in both publicly available HAI data from different sources and the lack of publicly available HAI surveillance data in one serialised title Supporting video summarising key content
Author: Usha Krishnan Baveja
Publisher: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
ISBN: 9389776465
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 475
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Book Description
The prevention and control of infection in healthcare environments is now more important than ever. From simple hand washing to full PPE (personal protective equipment), hygiene maintenance has never been more at the forefront of people’s minds than during the Coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak. This book is a practical guide to the prevention and control of healthcare and laboratory-associated infections. Divided into twelve sections, the text begins with an introduction to the basic science of infection and the use of antimicrobial agents. The following sections cover prevention and control of infection in different environments and situations including hospitals, laboratories, specific patient groups, and high risk and procedure areas. Different infection transmission methods are discussed in depth. The book concludes with guidance on standards and sample protocols, and training techniques. The comprehensive text is further enhanced by images and flow charts, and each chapter includes MCQs (multiple choice questions) to assist learning and revision. Key points Comprehensive guide to prevention and control of infection in healthcare environments Covers different environments, patient groups and infection transmission methods Features images and flow charts to assist learning Each chapter concludes with MCQs on the topic
Author: C. Glen Mayhall
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1451163649
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 5027
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Book Description
Thoroughly revised and updated for its Fourth Edition, this highly acclaimed volume is the most comprehensive reference on hospital epidemiology and infection control. Written by over 150 leading experts, this new edition examines every type of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infection and addresses every issue relating to surveillance, prevention, and control of these infections in patients and in healthcare workers. This new edition features new or significantly increased coverage of emerging infectious diseases, avian influenza, governmental regulation of infection control and payment practices related to hospital-acquired infections, molecular epidemiology, the increasing prevalence of community-acquired MRSA in healthcare facilities, system-wide infection control provisions for healthcare systems, hospital infection control issues following natural disasters, and antimicrobial stewardship in reducing the development of antimicrobial-resistant organisms.
Author: Liam Donaldson
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030594033
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 496
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Book Description
Implementing safety practices in healthcare saves lives and improves the quality of care: it is therefore vital to apply good clinical practices, such as the WHO surgical checklist, to adopt the most appropriate measures for the prevention of assistance-related risks, and to identify the potential ones using tools such as reporting & learning systems. The culture of safety in the care environment and of human factors influencing it should be developed from the beginning of medical studies and in the first years of professional practice, in order to have the maximum impact on clinicians' and nurses' behavior. Medical errors tend to vary with the level of proficiency and experience, and this must be taken into account in adverse events prevention. Human factors assume a decisive importance in resilient organizations, and an understanding of risk control and containment is fundamental for all medical and surgical specialties. This open access book offers recommendations and examples of how to improve patient safety by changing practices, introducing organizational and technological innovations, and creating effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable care systems, in order to spread the quality and patient safety culture among the new generation of healthcare professionals, and is intended for residents and young professionals in different clinical specialties.
